Evaluation of Potential Alternative Ingredients for Formulation of Fish Feed

Abstract:

Freshwater aquaculture has high production rate, but the inconsistency supply of feeds can lead to low quality of fish. This initiates a high demand of fish feeds with complete diet to assist in growth and performance of the reared fish. The conventional fish meal has high protein content but it is expensive and can lead to high manufacturing cost of fish feeds. Therefore, present study is conducted to demonstrate nutritional value in several potential ingredients for formulation of new and economically favorable fish feed formulation for catfish. Proximate analysis of earthworm powder, fish meal, leucaena leucocephala leaves, soybean waste and rice bran was performed to analyze their moisture, ash, protein and crude fiber content. While amino acid analysis was carried out to obtain amino acid profiles. Based on the results, the selected ingredients demonstrated remarkable nutritional content which are required in the catfish diet, thus indicate their high potential as substitute ingredients in fish feed formulation.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volumes 754-755)
• Pages: 1081-1086
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.754-755.1081
• Online since: April 2015
• Authors: Siti Nurhafa Imra Naqtahnain Hamid, Siti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof, Zarina Zakaria, Rozaini Abdullah
• Keywords: Aquaculture, Fish Feed, Protein, Proximate Analysis

References

[1] Department of fisheries (DOF), Perangkaan tahunan perikanan, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia (2007-2012).

[2] E. Teh: Fisheries in malaysia: Can resources match demand?, Sea Views, 10 (2012), pp.1-4.

[3] E.H. Robinson and M.H. Li: Catfish protein nutrition: revised. Bulletin, 1159 (2007), pp.1-22.

[4] L.C. Nwanna, A. Lemme, A. Metwally and F.J. Schwarz: Response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. ) to supplemental DL-methionine and different feeding strategies, Aquaculture, Vol. 356-357 (2012), pp.365-370.

DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.044

[5] J.F.N. Abowei and A.T. Ekubo: A review of conventional and unconventional feeds in fish nutrition, British J. of pharmacology and toxicology, Vol. 2(4) (2011), pp.179-191.

[6] D. P Bureau: Fish meal replacement, Render magazine, (August 2007), pp.10-13. Retrieved on 28 March 2014 from www. rendermagazine. com.

[7] A.O. Adeparusi and J.O. Agbede: Evaluation of Leucaena and Gliricidia leaf protein concentrate as supplements to bambara groundnut (Vignas subterranean L. Verdc) in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus, (n. d), pp.335-346.

[8] C.T. Da, T. Lundh and J.E. Lindberg: Evaluation of local feed resources as alternatives to fish meals in terms of growth performance, feed utilization and biological indices of striped catfish (Panasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings, Aquaculture, Vol. 364-365 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.010

[9] R. Lochmann, C. Engle, G. Kumar, M.H. Li, J.L. Avery, B.G. Bosworth and C.S. Tucker: Multi-batch catfish production and economic analysis using alternative (low-cost) diets with corn gluten feed and traditional diets with meat and bone meal, Aquaculture, Vol. 366-367 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.052

[10] I.I. Toko, E.D. Riogbe and P. Kestemont: Mineral status of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets containing graded levels of soybean or cottonseed meals, Aquaculture, Vol. 275 (2008), pp.298-305.

DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.038

[11] N. Chanchay and N. Poosaran: The reduction of mimosine and tannin contents in leaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Asian Journal of food and agro-industry, (2009), pp.137-144.

[12] A. Sluiter, B. Hames, R. Ruiz, C. Scarlata, J. Sluiter and D. Templeton, Determination of ash in biomass, Laboratory analytical procedure technical report (2005), pp.1-5, retrieved on www. nrel. gov/biomass/pdfs/42622. pdf.

[13] A.A. Albalasmeh, A.A. Berhe and T.A. Ghezzehei: A new method for rapid determination of carbohydrate and total carbon concentrations using UV spectrophotometry, Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 97 (2013), pp.253-261.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.072

[14] M.D. Rawling, D.L. Merrifield, D.L. Snellgrove, H. Kuhlwein, A. Adams and S.J. Davies: Haemato-immunological and growth response of mirror carp (Cyprinus carp) fed a tropical earthworm meal in experimental diets, Fish and Shellfish Immunology, Vol. 32 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.020

[15] M.H. Li and E.H. Robinson: Feed ingredients and feeds for channel catfish, SRAC Publication, No. 1806, (2013).

[16] R.D. Miles and J.P. Jacob: Fishmeal: understanding why this feed ingredient is so valuable in poultry diets, University of Florida IFAS extension, PS30 (2011) 1-3.

[17] Information on http: /www. aquaculture. ugent. be/Education/coursematerial/online%20 courses/ATA/analysis/mine. htm.

[18] Y.Q. Zhang, Y.B. Wu, D.L. Jiang, J.G. Qin and Y. Wang: Gamma-irradiated soybean meal replaced more fish meal in the diets of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus), Animal Feed Science and Technology (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.002

[19] M. I. Siddiqui, M. A. Khan and M. I. Siddiqui: Effect of soybean diet: growth and conversion efficiencies of fingerling of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (bloch), J. Of King Saud University-science, (2013), pp.1-5.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2013.10.004

[20] A. Elangovan and K.F. Shim: The influence of replacing fish meal partially in the diet with soybean meal on growth and body composition of juvenile tin foil barb (Barbodes altus) Vol. 189 (2000), pp.133-144.

DOI: 10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00365-3

[21] M.A. Kader, M. Bulbul, S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa, S. Yokoyama, B.T. Nguyen and C.F. Komilus: Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major, Vol. 350-353 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.009

[22] M.H. Ahmad and A.S. Diab: Replacement of fish meal protein by okara meal in practical diets for all-male monosex nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, (2008), pp.729-737.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00154.x

[23] D.R. Tocher: Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish, Reviews in Fisheries Science, Vol. 11(2) (2003), pp.107-184.

DOI: 10.1080/713610925

[24] S.A.S.C. Faria, P.Z. Bassinello and M.V.C. Penteado: Nutritional composition of rice bran submitted to different stabilization procedures, Brazilian J. of Pharm. Sci., Vol. 48 (2012), pp.651-657.

DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502012000400008

[25] Information on http: /www. fao. org/docrep/x5738e/x5738e06. htm.

[26] R.D. Miles and F.A. Chapman: The concept of ideal protein in formulation of aquaculture feeds, University of Florida IFAS extension, (2007), pp.1-3.

[27] C.B. Cowey: Amino acid requirements of fish: a critical appraisal of present values, Aquaculture, Vol. 124 (1994), pp.1-11.

DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)90349-2

[28] National Research Council (NRC): Nutrient requirements of fish, National academy press, Washington, DC, (1993) 144.

[29] D.D. Zarate and R.T. Lovell: Free lysine (L. lysine. HCl) is utilized for growth less efficiently than protein-bound lysine (soybean meal) in practical diets by young channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Aquaculture, Vol. 159 (1997), pp.87-100.

DOI: 10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00184-1

[30] P. Li, K. Mai, J. Trushenski and G. Wu: New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds, Amino Acids, (2008), pp.1-11.

DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0171-1

[31] H.G. Ketola: Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets, Comp. Biochem. Physical, Vol. 73B(1) (1982), pp.17-24.

[32] S. Craig and L.A. Helfrich: Understanding fish nutrition, feeds and feeding, Virginia Cooperative Extension service publication, Vol. 420-256 (2009), pp.1-4. Website: http: /pubs. ext. vt. edu/420/420-256/420-256. html.