Effect of Core Material Thickness on the Shore Hardness of the Sandwich-Structured Multi-Material 3D-Printed Parts

Abstract:

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) continues to experience improvements in terms of its flexibility and functionality, therefore it attracts public attention to use this technology. Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing (MMAM) is an approach in the FFF technology that allows the manufacturing of 3D-printed products composed of two or more materials in a single printing process. MMAM enables the user to apply various configurations to obtain a 3D-printed material with adjustable properties. This study aims to determine the effect of core material on the Shore hardness of the FFF printed parts with the MMAM approach. There were two types of materials combined with the MMAM approach in this work, namely polylactic-acid (PLA) and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). The Shore hardness test was conducted according to the ASTM D2240-15 standard. The results showed that the thickness of the core material inserted into the printed material had a significant effect on the hardness value of printed multi-material parts. In addition, the hardness value was highly dependent on the modulus of elasticity of the material. Therefore, the hardness value changed following the proportion of the printed material.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 920)
• Pages: 35-42
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-zs9Z6i
• Online since: March 2024
• Authors: Adam Zuyyinal Adib, Juan Pratama, Urip Agus Salim, Suyitno Suyitno, Muslim Mahardika, Budi Arifvianto*
• Keywords: FFF, Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing, Poly(Lactic Acid) PLA, Shore Hardness, TPE

References

[1] D. Syrlybayev, B. Zharylkassyn, A. Seisekulova, M. Akhmetov, A. Perveen, and D. Talamona, "Optimisation of strength properties of FDM printed parts—A critical review," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 10, 2021.

DOI: 10.3390/polym13101587

[2] Ö. Keleş, C. W. Blevins, and K. J. Bowman, "Effect of build orientation on the mechanical reliability of 3D printed ABS," Rapid Prototyp. J., vol. 23, no. 2, p.320–328, 2017.

DOI: 10.1108/RPJ-09-2015-0122

[3] J. Pratama et al., "A review on reinforcement methods for polymeric materials processed using fused filament fabrication (Fff)," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 22, p.1–23, 2021.

DOI: 10.3390/polym13224022

[4] B. Brenken, E. Barocio, A. Favaloro, V. Kunc, and R. B. Pipes, "Fused filament fabrication of fiber-reinforced polymers: A review," Addit. Manuf., vol. 21, no. February, p.1–16, May 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.01.002

[5] S. Vyavahare, S. Teraiya, D. Panghal, and S. Kumar, "Fused deposition modelling: a review," Rapid Prototyp. J., vol. 26, no. 1, p.176–201, 2020.

DOI: 10.1108/RPJ-04-2019-0106

[6] P. E. Romero, J. Arribas-Barrios, O. Rodriguez-Alabanda, R. González-Merino, and G. Guerrero-Vaca, "Manufacture of polyurethane foam parts for automotive industry using FDM 3D printed molds," CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol., vol. 32, p.396–404, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cirpj.2021.01.019

[7] S. Singh, G. Singh, C. Prakash, and S. Ramakrishna, "Current status and future directions of fused filament fabrication," J. Manuf. Process., vol. 55, no. January, p.288–306, Jul. 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.04.049

[8] A. Cano-Vicent et al., "Fused deposition modelling: Current status, methodology, applications and future prospects," Addit. Manuf., vol. 47, no. August, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102378

[9] A. Uriondo, M. Esperon-Miguez, and S. Perinpanayagam, "The present and future of additive manufacturing in the aerospace sector: A review of important aspects," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng., vol. 229, no. 11, p.2132–2147, 2015.

DOI: 10.1177/0954410014568797

[10] A. Aydin et al., "3D printing in the battle against COVID-19," Emergent Mater., vol. 4, no. 1, p.363–386, 2021.

DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00164-y

[11] M. Silva, I. S. Pinho, J. A. Covas, N. M. Alves, and M. C. Paiva, "3D printing of graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications," Funct. Compos. Mater., vol. 2, no. 1, 2021.

DOI: 10.1186/s42252-021-00020-6

[12] M. C. Biswas, "Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Technology in Textile and Fashion Industry: Materials and Innovation," Mod. Concepts Mater. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, p.1–5, 2019.

DOI: 10.33552/mcms.2019.02.000529

[13] C. Esposito Corcione, E. Palumbo, A. Masciullo, F. Montagna, and M. C. Torricelli, "Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): An innovative technique aimed at reusing Lecce stone waste for industrial design and building applications," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 158, p.276–284, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.011

[14] L. Lendvai, T. Singh, G. Fekete, A. Patnaik, and G. Dogossy, "Utilization of Waste Marble Dust in Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Biocomposites: Mechanical, Thermal and Wear Properties," J. Polym. Environ., vol. 29, no. 9, p.2952–2963, 2021.

DOI: 10.1007/s10924-021-02091-9

[15] K. B. Mustapha and K. M. Metwalli, "A review of fused deposition modelling for 3D printing of smart polymeric materials and composites," Eur. Polym. J., vol. 156, no. February, p.110591, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110591

[16] D. Han and H. Lee, "Recent advances in multi-material additive manufacturing: methods and applications," Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng., vol. 28, p.158–166, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2020.03.004

[17] L. R. Lopes, A. F. Silva, and O. S. Carneiro, "Multi-material 3D printing: The relevance of materials affinity on the boundary interface performance," Addit. Manuf., vol. 23, no. June, p.45–52, Oct. 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.027

[18] B. Arifvianto, B. E. Satiti, U. A. Salim, Suyitno, A. Nuryanti, and M. Mahardika, "Mechanical properties of the FFF sandwich-structured parts made of PLA/TPU multi-material," Prog. Addit. Manuf., vol. 7, no. 6, p.1213–1223, Dec. 2022.

DOI: 10.1007/s40964-022-00295-6

[19] S. Phattarateera and C. Pattamaprom, "Comparative performance of functional rubbers on toughness and thermal property improvement of polylactic acid," Mater. Today Commun., vol. 19, no. August 2018, p.374–382, 2019.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.02.012

[20] J. Pratama and A. Z. Adib, "Pengaruh Parameter Cetak Pada Nilai Kekerasan Serta Akurasi Dimensi Material Thermoplastic Elastomer ( TPE ) Hasil 3D Printing," J. Ilm. Giga, vol. 25, no. 1, p.35–44, 2022.

DOI: 10.47313/jig.v25i1.1712

[21] L. Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., "PLA+ Technical Data Sheet," Materials Technical Data Sheet, 2021. https://www.esun3d.com/uploads/eSUN_PLA+-Filament_TDS_V4.0.pdf.

[22] L. Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., "eFlex (TPU-87A) Technical Data Sheet," Materials Technical Data Sheet, 2021. https://www.esun3d.com/eflex-tpu-87a-product/.

[23] American Society for Testing and Materials, "Standar Tesh Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardnes," ASTM Stand., vol. 09.01, p.1–13, 2017.

DOI: 10.1520/D2240-15

[24] A. Sandi, M. Mahardika, S. I. Cahyono, U. A. Salim, J. Pratama, and B. Arifvianto, "Pengaruh variasi parameter cetak dan post process terhadap tingkat kekerasan spesimen hasil cetak tiga dimensi berbasis stereolithography (SLA)," Conf. Senat. STT Adisutjipto Yogyakarta, vol. 7, p.33–46, 2022.

DOI: 10.28989/senatik.v7i0.454