Preparation and Applications of the Expandable Graphite Catalyst with Hierarchically Porous Structure in the Aldol Condensation

Abstract:

The expandable graphite catalyst with hierarchically porous structure was prepared by chemical oxidation. The catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy. The results indicated that the expandable graphite is hierarchically porous structure catalyst. The concentrated sulphuric acid and the acetic acid had been inserted into the hierarchically pores. As the volume of the expandable graphite expanded, the amount of mixed acid in the hierarchically pores increased,as well as the acid catalytic centre increased. It can be concluded that the catalytic activity increase. The aldol condensation showed the expandable graphite with hierarchically porous structure has excellent catalytic activity and reusability. The reaction conditions were moderate and pollutions had not been found.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volume 1053)
• Pages: 193-200
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1053.193
• Online since: October 2014
• Authors: Xue Yan Wu*, Kai Yao, Zhen Tao An, Ji Hui Li
• Keywords: 2-Ethylhexenal, Expandable Graphite, Expanded Volume, Hierarchically Porous, Pore Diameter

References

[1] F.Y. Kang, Graphite Intercalation Compound and Exfoliated Graphite, New Carbon Materials. 15(2000) 4-5.

[2] X.Y. Chuan, Formation Mechanisms of Graphite Intercalation Compounds, New Carbon Materials. 15(2000) 52-55.

[3] Z.R. Liu and P. Zhang, Synthesis of N-butyl Lactate with Expandable Graphite as Catalyst, Chemical Reagents. 29(2007)693-694.

[4] Y.Q. Zhang， Q. Liu, and C. Wang, Catalytic Synthesis of n-Amyl Propionate by using H2S04-Graphite Interaction Compounds, Journal of Beijing Union University. 15(2001) 54-56.

[5] Y.Q. Zhang, C. Wang and J.J. Ma, Synthesis of 3, 3, 6, 6-Tetramethy1-9-aryl-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-octahydro-xanthene-1, 8-dione Catalyzed by Expansible Graphite, Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry. 27(2007) 1147-1149.

[6] B. Su, W. Z. Lang, and Q. Y. Zeng, Preparation of Organic Functionalized Mesoporous Catalysts and Their Applications to the Self-condensation Reaction of n-Butanal to 2-Ethylhexenal, Chinese Journal of Process Engineering. 18(2010) 361-366.

[7] Li J. H., Shi H. Q., et al. Ultrasound-assisted Preparation of Alkaline Graphite Intercalation Compounds. Ultrason Sonochem. 17(2010) 745-748.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.01.006

[8] Li XY, Sun M H, Rooke J C, et al. Synthesis and applications of hierarchically porous catalysts. Chin J Catal. 34 (2013) 22-47.

[9] C.C. Chen, H. R. Chen and J. C. Yu et al. , Preparation and Characterization of WO3/ZrO2 Solid Acid Catalyst with Multi-level Porous Structure, Chinese Journal of Catalysis. 32(2011) 647-651.

[10] Z. An, J. He and X. Duan, Preparation of catalytic materials with highly dispersed active sites based on layered Precursors, Chinese Journal of Catalysis. 34(2013) 225-234.

DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1088.2013.20870

[11] Kessen G, Cornils B, Gick W, et al. Verfahren Zur Herstellung von 2-Ethylhexanol DE Patent., 3530839AI（1985）.

[12] Kessen G, Cornils B, Gick W, et al. Process for the production of 2-Ethylhexanol U.S. Patent, 4684750(1987).