Advanced Materials Research Vols. 1073-1076

Abstract: With the rapid economic development of China, Water transport constitutes a potential threat to the aquatic environment, human life and production. In this study, the complex ecological floating bed was studied in oil spill pollution control and ecological environment impact monitoring of inland waters. To explore the complex ecological floating bed in inland, especially the Yangtze River, inland waters. The purpose is to lay the theoretical and technical basis of controlling oil spill efficiently and long-term ecological monitoring. Ecological floating bed with PFU fixed oil-degrading bacteria water oil removal performance tests show that, which is very suitable for oil degradation in water.

Abstract: In this paper, based on geostatistics and GIS techniques, spatial variation characteristics of soil organic matter (acronym: SOM) on a small scale were analyzed and discussed in east-one-branch gully (EG1) bed with the seabuckthorn flexible dam and the contrastive gully bed (which is non-vegetated any vegetation) located in zhun-ge-er county, Erdos, inner Mongolia, which belongs to the typical Pisha Sandstone area. The results show that the seabuckthorn can significantly increase SOM in the small catchment gully bed in the Pisha sandstone area, and the mean SOM content in gully bed with the seabuckthorn flexible dam is approximate 1.75 times that in the contrastive gully. Apparent spatial variation characteristics of SOM were found in the gully with the seabuckthorn flexible dam and the contrastive gully bed, moreover, the medium spatial autocorrelation of SOM was detected in gully bed with the seabuckthorn flexible dam, and the spatial variation of SOM was together led to by the structural and random variation at 1-6.5 m range, and of which the random variation accounts for 40%. Additional, the spatial autocorrelation of SOM in the contrastive gully bed is higher, the spatial variation of SOM was dominantly brought about by the structural variation at 1-4.5 m range, and of which the random variation accounts for 37%. Furthermore, the fractal dimension values reveal that dependence of SOM of the gully bed with the seabuckthorn flexible dam on spatial is weaker than that of the contrastive gully bed. It is judged that the seabuckthorn has an obvious effect on spatial distribution patterns and heterogeneity of SOM on a small scale.

Abstract: Soil respiration can be altered by changing substance supply, respiratory capacity and the demand for the products. We carried out a field experiment in the northeast of China to understand how inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alters soil respiration in paddy fields. Soil respiration and factors contributing to it were measured for paddy fields either inoculated or non-inoculated with AMF, with or without fertilization. We found that inoculation increased soil respiration, net photosynthesis of rice leaves, N and P content of rice shoots and the abundance of actinomyces and fungi in rhizosphere; while the negative effect was only observed on root biomass. We also found that fertilization decreased the responses of soil respiration, root biomass and the abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere to inoculation. However, it decreased the responses of net photosynthesis, shoot biomass and shoot N and P content to inoculation. Conclusively, AMF inoculation promoted soil respiration by enhancing substrate supply, respiratory capacity and the demand for products; while the impacts of inoculation were weakened by fertilization via respiration capacity and the demand for the products.

Abstract: Soil carbon pool is an important component of the ecosystem carbon pools. It plays a key role in mitigating the global warming and control the concentration of greenhouse gas. The areas of urban land have changed dramatically both in quality and quantity due to the land-based urbanization and industrialization. This paper analyzed the change of the soil organic carbon reserves under the land use change in Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) from 1995 to 2012. The results showed that the land use change was one of the important reasons of the soil organic carbon change, and the soil organic carbon reserves of land use change in TBNA was reduced from3.339mt (million ton) to 5.842mt in this stage.

Abstract: In this study, we measured soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) under four different land cover types (canopy, litter, lichen and bare soil) to determine the effects of aridity and salinization on SMBC of a typical desert ecosystem. Results showed that higher SMBC with lower soil salt content and higher soil moisture were found in general if with vegetation, and the SMBC under canopy was especially higher than any other land cover types, which was near double of that of bare soil (115.34μg C g^-1 soil vs. 61.88μg C g^-1 soil). Linear regression analysis indicated that soil SMBC were positively correlated (p<0.01,r =0.899) with soil moisture but negatively correlated (r =-0.784, p<0.01) with soil salt content. These relationships may represent an evolutionary process, aiding in the conservation of essential vegetation in a fragile desert ecosystem.

Abstract: To reveal the characteristics of soil organic nitrogen components under different long-term fertilization methods in paddy fields, 7 typical paddy fields in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province were selected, and soil samples were collected from 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. The samples were analyzed for available nitrogen, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content and each component of organic nitrogen. The results showed that soil nitrogen decreased with increasing soil depth in the soil profile. Different fertilization methods had a significant or greater effect on the available nitrogen, total nitrogen and organic nitrogen in 0 to 10 cm soil, and it had a significant effect on the total nitrogen content in 10 to 20 cm soil. Combined applications of organic and inorganic fertilizer was beneficial for improving available soil nitrogen. Applying organic fertilizer was beneficial for the accumulation of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen was a major part of soil nitrogen. In terms of directly affecting the path analysis, the effects of ammonia sugar nitrogen, acid-hydrolyzable unknown nitrogen and non-hydrolyzable nitrogen on available nitrogen are significant. A small negative correlation was shown between amino acid nitrogen and available nitrogen. Amino acid nitrogen indirectly affected the available nitrogen through other components. In terms of the general effect of the path analysis, the influence of non-hydrolyzable nitrogen to available nitrogen was the highest. An important factor to consider in relation to reasonable fertilization is that promoting non-hydrolyzable nitrogen and unknown acid-hydrolyzable nitrogen transformed into available nitrogen and accumulated available nitrogen.

Abstract: This paper summarizes the system composition and development process of Portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF). It also reviews the research status of PXRF in the detection of heavy metal in soils and its accuracy validating and influencing factors. The direction of future development of the technology was discussed.

Abstract: Considering the diffusion, adsorption or desorption, and microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in the soil–water system, the numerical model describing the migration and transportation of PHs is estabilished and it is simulated by HYDRUS-1D model. The degradation effect of time and depth variation of PHs is gained by numerical simulation. The results show that the degradation ability of indigenous microbial of PHs is poor. The HYDRUS-1D software is feasible in simulating and predicting the migration and transformation of PHs in soils.

Abstract: Phytoremediation is the use of plants for the removal of pollutants from contaminated soil. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and cost effective alternative to current remediation technologies. This review outlines general aspects of phytoremediation. It further reviews various phytoremediation processes in detail: phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, rhizosphere degradation, and phytovolatilization. The hyperaccumulators of cadium and advances in the phytoextraction, phytostabilization, transgenic plants, agricultural technologies for soil phytoremediation by cadium were reviewed.

Abstract: Biodegradation of the styrene trimer was investigated, and its degrading bacteria were screened and isolated. Complex bacteria ST (strain ST1 and ST2) was isolated from contaminated soil by polystyrene and named by strain ST1 and ST2. ST1 and ST2 were identified by 16S rDNA and classified by Ochrobactrum intermedium sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp., respectively. Biodegradation experiments were performed in batch and styrene trimer was used as a sole carbon source. Isolated two bacteria were used as degrading microorganisms. Initial liquid phase concentration of the styrene trimer was 50 mg/L. 95% of the styrene trimer was degraded in 17 days by the complex strain ST. The concentration was analyzed by using GC. Metabolites of bacteria were analyzed and three kinds of products that were identified by GC/MS.