Advanced Materials Research Vols. 133-134

Abstract: Previous infill, unearthed and archeological excavations have a major influence on the structural and physical status of buildings and ruins in urban and archeological areas. Archeological excavation is like an "anaphylactic shock” on the excavated structure. Mortar, stone and wood quickly change their performance and bring about a dramatic transformation/alteration in the structure's elements and its whole stability. As in a state of anaphylactic shock if you do not intervene promptly the excavated structure can “die off” explicitly and completely disintegrate. Archeological excavation also reveals peculiar structural elements that were in use but never viewed or studied from the engineering point of view. These elements of the buildings and sites could be either structural connections in strange angles or unstable structure-stone- frames in current day standards and/or static calculations, that did not collapse in the past earthquakes. Studying this archeological-engineering issue might result in a better understanding and therefore implementation of the conservation of excavated sites and buildings.

Abstract: Brick used with stone in an alternate order -especially on monumental masonry buildings- is one of the basic construction materials in Ottoman classical architecture. Parallel to the announcement of Tanzimat Declaration (1839), to the political and economical relations improved with European states and to the Industrial Revolution in Europe, an effective change had been seen on design concept and construction techniques in Ottoman architecture. Many new buildings were built using modern materials and imported techniques such as solid brick (in western norms) masonry walls, steel beams at the horizontal and vertical bearers, cement and concrete. The product of modern solid bricks in western standards had been realized in Ottoman territories in the last quarter of 19th century. The base of this research is constituted on 334 imported and local product solid bricks which remain to Zihni Göğer’s (firstly documented for this research), to Uzay Yergün’s, to Aynur Çiftçi’s and to the Yıldız Techical University, Department of Architectural Conservation’s private collections. Most of the bricks are in a good condition, clean and have stamps. From the stamps one learns where they were produced, in which country or even city, the names of the plants, the logos and the dates of product. During the documentation every brick is numerated, photographed and a catalogue is prepared including the dimensions of the bricks. The demolotion of the buildings made of solid brick masonry walls-especially those which are not registered as an essential cultural asset- the interventions undertaken and the use of new materials during restoration of bearer walls have damaged the original bricks. Finally they were not conserved and documented. The aim of this paper is to determine the change of the production and the standarts of the bricks, to indicate their varieties, their fields of use and their conservation problems before and after the modernisation period of Ottoman architecture. It is intended to take into consideration the conservation and documentation of this material during renovations reflecting the original construction technique of the period that belongs to monumental and civil architecture.

Abstract: This paper presents a case study of foundation of an inclined independent masonry tower in Angkor. One of the Prasat Sour Prat towers had been dismantled before reconstruction for conservation. The foundation was inclined as the same as the upper structure of the tower and spreading outwards. The inclination was considered caused by foundation failure with some differential settlements of the ground. During dismantling, the soil layers exposed on the trenched section were found rather horizontal than the inclined state that had been expected. Laterite blocks of step slope stones was found to have slid down along the soil mound of the foundation. The mechanism might have been caused by weakening of soil strength by wetting ground. Without dismantling, the real mechanism of the inclination was never known as well as the corresponding counter measures.

Abstract: The advent and early developments of reinforced concrete were related to national patenting. This paper proposes an in-depth study of the logic of reinforced concrete patents at the turn of the 20th century, based on the case of Belgium. Before the First World War, a considerable number of systems were patented by private inventors for commercial purposes. Patents on reinforced concrete constitute today a primary source of information, both for their technical content and for the assessment of the market penetration of the innovative material. The scientific reliability of these patents is variable and ranges from the rational to the unrealistic. Propagation of reinforced concrete occurred following international trends, such as Hennebique or Monier, or by local inventors, mainly building contractors. Reinforced concrete started to be considered as a structural material after the French engineering standard of 1906, adopted by Belgium. Moreover, examining these patents helps to understand the structural specificities of the early phase of reinforced concrete. Therefore, this study enhances the conservation process of such construction.

Abstract: Computer aided modelling, software options, as well as hardware performances have developed rapidly in the last several decades. Though the time required for building up a holistic 3D mechanical computer model for a baroque roof structure decreased significantly, it may be worth to stop at simple calculus, 2D or limited 3D modelling level, in various cases. Conclusions of the present lecture aim to identify the accuracy and reliability of the 4 levels of modelling. The recommendations formulated intend to identify the appropriate level of research according to the span, historic roof-type and state of decay of a given roof that is to be conserved. Research schemes are also suggested, aiming to offer an efficient tool for experts and engineers according to the complexity of the assessment.

Abstract: From the first quarter of the 18th century, an expansion to European civilization was beginning in Ottoman Empire and with Tanzimat period, this westernization fact had transformed to a fundamental innovation act in the structure of the state and society. European capital image gained by İstanbul created a symbolic view of change. However, a contradiction of traditional urban tissue, consisted by the timber buildings, necessitated a fundamental change in the urban and architectural structure. According to this aim, new building types which were necessary for the Tanzimat reforms (a period of time of political reforms during the Ottoman sultanate of Abdulmecid (r.1839-61) began to be constructed by the European architectural design models, with modern building materials and production technologies. In this context, construction technologies like jack arches, steel framework, fer-concrete and reinforced concrete, which are formed with structural materials like modern brick, iron beam, and concrete, are the factors of formation of the historical development process of the Ottoman architecture after the first years of the 19th century. From the middle of 19th century, use of the “steel beam” was beginning in the building product technology, depending on the evolution of the industrial metal technology in European countries. Technological level of the steel construction after “Jack Arch”, which is formed with the iron beam, has brought new expansions to the building production. As from the first years of the 20th century, buildings constructed by steel construction technology began to take place in Ottoman architecture. In this paper, the place of the steel-framed building technology in Ottoman architecture, especially the steel frame construction in the Tanzimat period buildings and their architectural design criteria will be presented. Besides, the conclusions based on the comparisons of structural and architectural design with the European architecture buildings will be indicated. “Metro Khan”, dated 1914, is the first building that was erected with this construction technology. This building is constructed as an administration and station building of the under ground train, named “Tünel”, which connects Pera and İstanbul Seaport. This paper traces the importance of the building in terms of conservation and cultural values, while benefiting from its characteristic architecture and static projects.

Abstract: In the second half of the 19th century, the French architect Viollet-le-Duc published his Dictionnaire raisonné de l’Architecture Française. In this work he proposes, for the first time, a rational theory about gothic structures based on the existence of “active” and “passive” elements: vaults are made of passive webs supported by active ribs; pinnacles contribute, in an active way, to the stability of the buttresses; flying buttresses transfer the load from the vault, etc. Until 1900 Viollet-le-Duc’s approach to the structural behaviour of gothic constructions was a dogma unanimously accepted by most architects, archaeologists and historians, but throughout the following two decades it became the object of harsh criticism. Discussion about the way gothic structures worked reached its climax at the end of the 1920’s, when the engineer Victor Sabouret published his first article against Viollet-le-Duc’s rationalist ideas, entitled Les voûtes d'arêtes nervurées. Rôle simplement décoratif des nervures. He specifically focused his discourse on the behaviour of vaults: on the decorative as opposed to structural or constructive function of the ribs. Although his arguments are mistaken and inaccurate in some aspects, he had an enormous influence over subsequent generations, and a large number of studies in the field were published throughout the years following this publication. Authors of such studies include Marcel Aubert, Henri Focillon and Henri Masson, whose publications revealed their disagreement with both theories, as well as Pol Abraham, who was in complete opposition to Viollet-le-Duc. In this paper, the Limit Analysis of the modern theory of masonry structures, formulated by J. Heyman in the 1960’s, is used to evaluate the accuracy and suitability of Sabouret’s criticisms to the rationalist theories.

Abstract: Between the 1825 and the 1828, Antonio Carcopino, an engineer, designed a suspension iron cable bridge: this fact shows the interest of the Borghese family for the technological innovations of the 18th and of 19th century.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to show logical member models considering the Korean traditional construction method and present a simple but rational modeling method of the whole structure to evaluate the structural stability of the KTWS. For this purpose, one of the KTWS, the Mindori House is selected and a structure analysis is performed considering its construction stage and load transfer mechanism. The variation of the behaviors according to joint modeling methods is studied using SAP2000 program and its results are compared with those of manual calculation.

Abstract: Building standards and regulations have been around for a long time, and most historic structures were built in accordance with whatever codes existed at the time. However, as codes have changed (often in response to natural or human-caused disasters) these buildings have become progressively less compliant, making their continued occupation and use difficult without extensive and often damaging alterations to their significant spaces and fabric. In Australia, there have been considerable changes to standards over the past two hundred years to deal with apparent deficiencies in the codes exposed as a result of bushfires, earthquakes, cyclones and rising sea levels. Building regulations have also changed so as to deal in ever more detail with health and safety matters, as well as issues such as equitable access and energy efficiency. These changes have had an impact on historic buildings and structures, in the most extreme cases leading to loss of the building where owners anxious to redevelop can convince the authorities that preservation and upgrading to meet current standards will impose unreasonable economic hardship. In other cases, the insensitive and sometimes over-cautious application of codes (often to reduce the risk of future litigation or loss of insurance) leads to almost as much damage to the historic building as the upgrading work is intended to avoid if a disaster occurs. Conserving historic buildings while keeping them safely in active use requires a flexible and innovative approach to the regulations, as exemplified in the work of the Heritage Council of New South Wales Fire Access and Services Advisory Panel, of which the author was a foundation member.