Advanced Materials Research Vols. 512-515

Abstract: Abstract. A thermal mechanism of NO formation is developed to predict NO emission in the diesel engine and the explanation of more NOx emissions from the biodiesel engine exhaust is put forward. The start of ignition of biodiesel engine is early and so the trigger temperature of NO formation in cylinder is reached early. The mean temperature in cylinder will decrease in biodiesel engine. However, the concentration of oxygen at the combustion area is high due to the oxygenated property of biodiesel. Both of the two ways contribute to the more NOx emissions from biodiesel engine exhaust.

Abstract: Many studies and experiments prove that biodiesel produces less CO, HC and smoke emissions, produces more NOX emission and burns more completely than diesel. Firstly, for evaluating complete combustion level for biodiesel compared with diesel, the paper indicates that heat release ratio can not act independently as the standard; secondly the second maximal heat release ratio and combustion beginning crank angles are combined with Peak heat release ratio; lastly, CAcenter(the corresponding crank angle of centric of instantaneous heat release ratio curve) is introduced and it is the best factor which can accurately reflect the complete combustion level of biodiesel.

Abstract: Soybean meal, the residue of soybean extract oil, mainly consists of protein. It was used as the only additive of corncob hydrolysate to produce acetone, butanol and ethanol with C. acetobutylium CH012. Because of inhibitors existing in corncob acid hydrolysate, butanol concentration was obtained only 6.61gL-1 by fermentation. Acetone concentration was 5.1gL-1 which was higher than a normal ratio of starch and molasses ABE fermentation. ABE fermentation of corncob enzymatic hydrolysate resulted in a productivity of 0.28gL-1h-1 and a solvent yield of 0.30. It was suggested that soybean meal could be a potential economical protein provider for ABE fermentation. Furthermore, for all experiments, cultivate including strain inoculum developed and batch fermentation was done in calorstat which would be beneficial to apply in the hydrolyate ABE fermentation industry.

Abstract: The chemical modified Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels (IPMVVD) oil as a biodegradable lubricant was described in the paper. IPMVVD oil was modified by epoxidation and reaction of ring opening to resolve poor oxidative stability and low-temperature fluidity when vegetable oils as lubricants directly. The effects of the parameters in the process were studied, and then the product was evaluated. The results showed that the modified IPMVVD oil had higher viscosity index and superior oxidative stability comparing with unmodified oil; its mixtures with Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) offered a wide range of kinematic viscosities and lower pour point (-22°C), displayed preferable low temperature performance.

Abstract: A lot of efforts have been carried out to develop an alternative fuel for the current energy and environment questions. Biodiesel which is synthesized by transesterification of plant oils and animal fat is a real alternative fuel for its renewable and lower emissions. Currently, biodiesel production by the base-catalyzed transesterification of the vegetable oil and methanol is widely utilized in the world. This paper studies the design of biodiesel production with the glycerol phase separation processes, through installing a decanter between reactors and adding methanol and NaOH batch optimization operation to improve the biodiesel yield and the conversion rate of reactants. Simulation results show that biodiesel yield increased by 9.79% and triglyceride conversion rate increased by 6.99%.

Abstract: Considerable attention has been given to bio-diesel as a surrogate to fossil fuel reserves and associated environmental problems of burning them. However, the high costs of bio-diesel production remain the main problem in making it competitive. Bio-diesel and glycerol are obtained by reacting virgin vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or non-catalyst via transesterification. A conceptual process of heterogeneous SnO-catalyzed transesterification is designed based on the condition of 333K and atmospheric pressure, using methanol and waste oil with a molar ratio of 10:1 as raw materials. In this paper, the economic feasibility analysis based on static payback time, dynamic investment payback period, Financial Net Present Value and Return on Investment, is elaborated for 10kton/y capacity transesterification units. Comprehensive evaluation model on four typical methods are done, taking the following factors into consideration including natural resource utilization, impact on environment, economic feasibility and sustainable development of society. As a result, Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification seems more transcendent.

Abstract: This paper used respective ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of straw and pig excrement as raw materials to produce biogas and fertilizer. The test focused on gas production, the contents of available nutritional elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the organic matter content. The experimental results demonstrate the fermentation can produce more biogas, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic mass under the conditions which the fermentation cycle is 15 days and the ratio of straw and excrement is 70%.

Abstract: Using special culture medium, dominant photosynthetic bacterias were enriched from sewage silt and paddy fields with plentiful light and organic compounds. Five strains of photosynthetic bacteria capable of producing hydrogen were purified and isolated by gradual dilution and double—deck solid medium. The analysis of the gene sequence information of 1 6SrDNA was carried out, and the five strains were identified as Rhodospirillum rubrum,R.capsulata, R.pulastris, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Rhodobacter capsulatus . Moreover, it was found that with Optimized medium formula, hydrogen production can be achieved 204h, the maximum hydrogen production capacity of 3.41L, the maximum hydrogen production rate was 44.17ml / (L • h),the highest hydrogen content of 46.73%.

Abstract: The main purpose of the pretreatment of straw raw materials which used to produce hydrogen is to remove lignin and hemicellulose, reduce the degree of crystallinity of cellulose, as well as improve the porosity of the matrix is the key technology of cellulose into hydrogen,which designed to improve the materials, low the production costs. This paper mainly studies how to process the optimization that used Straw biomass of raw materials which pretreated with acetic acid to hydrogen production. To optimize the process of pretreatment of acetic acid. separat the rate of sugar yield as the ability of straw biomass of raw materials to product hydrogen, The results show that: when the particle size of the agriculture as a straw is straw with 25% acetic acid used and the solid-liquid ratio is 1:20, to pretreat 30min at 121 °C, can get the highest sugar rate.

Abstract: Abstract. Introducing the development background of bio-energy in our country,the present situation and trends of international bio-energy research,the bio-energy development path under the constraint of food security,telling the study meaning of bio-energy and food security problem,and doing some study and prospect on this issue to our country. Bio-energy is divided into three generations according to the extractive technology and the use of material.The first generation is based on the sugar and starch to produce alcohol or oil crops to produce bio-diesel.And it is also the bio-energy that has been realized industrialization development.The two generation is based on the cellulose or lignin to produce alcohol,but it is still on the way[1].The third generation start the study of diesel technology using the aquatic micro-algae organisms. At present the main form of the bio-energy is biogas,Boyden production,bio-diesel and fuel alcohol[2]. Because of the huge number of organisms on earth, according to biologists estimate, earth annual growth biological energy volume of about 1400 - 1800 tons ( dry weight ), ten times to the current world total energy consumption, so Bio-energy has wide use value and has great historical significance to take place exhaustible resources such as coal oil and so on.