Advanced Materials Research Vol. 878

Abstract: The rapid industrialization, continuous economic development, as well as increasing urban population and peoples living standards in Urumqi have resulted in a great increase of the total generated amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). Urumqi government strives to improve its municipal solid waste management (MSWM), and the MSW safe disposal rate was already up to 92.9% in 2011. This study presents an detailed overview on current MSWM practice in Urumqi municipality, including MSW characteristics and current status of MSW generation, collection, transportation and final disposal. It shows that more than 80% of MSW was final disposed by landfill and current landfill based MSWM system lack of effectiveness and efficiency. The major barriers and challenges that inhibit effective and efficient MSWM are imperfectness and inefficient enforcement of relevant policies, inappropriate waste treatment fee system, backward technology, insufficient public education and participation, as well as lack of fundamental research. Finally, to overcome such barriers, we propose a detailed integrated MSWM system to facilitate MSWM in Urumqi.

Abstract: The Solid Waste Import & Export Management System between China and Japan is introduced in this paper, including the laws and regulations, management requirements or system, competent departments and their responsibilities. The major risk points that existed in import & export of waste raw materials between China and Japan are also analyzed, and countermeasures and suggestions to prevent and fight against illegal waste import and export activities are put forward.

Abstract: The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in China is facing urgent problems with rapid industrialization and urbanization. This article focused on the status of Hangzhou, capital city of Zhejiang province, China. The regulations, policies, implementation, barriers and solutions about source separation, separate collection, clean & direct transportation, treatment and disposal were introduced. Source separation, separate collection and clean & direct transportation were seriously carried out from 2010. MSW was classified into four kinds, such as kitchen waste, hazardous waste, recyclable waste and other waste. Four kinds of wastes were collected, transported, treated and disposed, respectively. At the same time, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 2011 on 200 households in Xiasha and Gongshu Districts in Hangzhou. The results indicate that many citizens cannot effectively and correctly separated different kinds of solid wastes. Kitchen waste was directly disposed in landfill, because there is no composting plant in Hangzhou City. The collection of recoverable waste and hazardous waste was not in control of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. In order to optimize MSWM system in Hangzhou, the government and the citizen must make efforts in source separation, comprehensive treatment system, effective regulations and policies.

Abstract: As the biggest producer and the second largest consumer of lead in the world, China is facing serious conflict between rapid economic development and environmental deterioration caused by lead pollution. Our analysis results show that lead poisoning accidents increased sharply since 2005, and there is growing concern that children remain at risk from lead exposure. Accordingly, sustainable resource management and pollution control of lead is of great significance. As the first step, substance flow analysis (abbreviated as SFA) models of lead flows in both economic subsystem and environmental subsystem are established by using top-down approach in this study. Then the situation of production, consumption and emission of lead resources can be revealed. This study provides the most detailed depiction of lead flows within a regional level, and it is essentially important for the future analysis and management of lead resource. Furthermore, environmental simulation models, risk assessment models, Crystalball software and GIS tool are proposed to be integrated on the same platform to recognize the pollution situation, corresponding population risk and major exposure pathways in the study region. This new perspective extends the traditional method of substance flow analysis of lead, not only important for the improvement of lead resource efficiency, but also supporting the pollution prevention policy making.

Abstract: The present work investigated the transfer regularity of Fe (III)-Al (III) in the extraction of indium from waste TFT-LCD. The result showed that Fe (III)-Al (III) is extracted by D2EHPA in the extraction process of indium. Therefore by controlling extraction time, the amount of iron and aluminum declined in the extractant. During extraction in D2EHPA, the content of iron and aluminum was affected by acidity and coexisting anions. The iron and aluminum accumulating in D2EHPA could cause aging extractant, which made an impact on loading capacity of the extractant.

Abstract: Nowadays, China was suffering great pressure from international society to reduce its CO2emissions. One potential option is to introduce a carbon tax into Chinas tax system, which may promote enterprises to reduce their CO2emissions but also undermine Chinas economy and result in living cost increasing. Through analyzing and comparing the positive and negative impacts of the carbon tax policy, this paper seeks to figure out whether a carbon tax is worthy to be adopted. It then turns to discuss what types of carbon tax are more suitable for Chinas economy promotion and environment protection from a cost-benefit perspective.

Abstract: The chemical and mineralogical characterizations of cobalt precursor recovered from spent lithium-ion batteries with incineration process was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It indicates that Co exists in the form of LiCoO₂. However, after thermal treatment, complex products including LiCoO₂, Co₃O₄, and Co₂AlO₄ etc. generated, in which Co₃O₄ has strong signal. The XPS spectra shows that Li_(1-x)CoO₂ and LiCoO₂ are the main chemical state of Co in the original sample, but after thermal treatment, the chemical state changes to Co₃O₄. Besides, there are undecomposed Li_(1-x)CoO₂, CoF₃ and Co. Analyses indicate that Co is enriched after thermal treatment and chemical state of some Co have been certified.

Abstract: With the fast growing of printing supplies industry in Shanghai, it creates a large waste stream of obsolete printing supplies and causes great pressure on the environment. The information of remanufacturing printing supplies in Shanghai is gathered and waste stream is analyzed. As a case study of original toner cartridge and remanufacturing toner cartridge is compared in the context of life cycle methodology. The results show raw materials, energy consumption and pollution emission of the remanufactured toner cartridge are less than these of original toner cartridge. Environmental loads equitant including global warming potential, acidification potential, photo-oxidant formation potential, solid waste and fume from remanufacturing toner cartridge are cut 3.61%, 3.84%, 15.24% and 22.52% comparing to original toner cartridge. Its significance is that remanufacturing printing supplies can be more profitable and less harmful to the external environment than conventional manufacturing process. It also discusses strategies for lowering the environmental burden to promote the remanufacturing printing supplies in Shanghai.

Abstract: End-of-life vehicles (ELVs), as an important renewable resource, have huge environmental and economic benefits. In recent years, with the rapid growth of the number of ELVs, ELV reverse logistics is becoming a hot research field. In this paper, the overall trend of ELV reverse logistics research at home and abroad and a review of the status quo and countermeasures of ELV recycling, the choice of recycling mode, the ELV reverse logistics system and the reverse logistics network are presented. Finally, on the basis of performed review, some recommendations for the future research are discussed.