Advanced Materials Research Vols. 931-932

Abstract: This paper presents the practical multistage drying process of wet paddy with high moisture content in the range of 20 to 30%wet basis. The drying with infrared radiation was firstly used and followed by tempering and sun drying with variation of drying time for 2-6 min, 0-60 min and 180-300 min, respectively, in order to investigate their effects on milling qualities in terms of head rice yield and whiteness index. The response surface methodology was used to analyze the interaction effect of variables. The results showed that the optimum drying time with infrared radiation should not be up to 6 minutes. When overlapping the contour graphs, the superimposed response surface plots showed the boundary conditions in which head rice yield and whiteness index of milled rice were approximately equal to those of reference rice. The testing condition was finally selected to verify the proposed method. The results of milling qualities, cooking properties and pasting properties of tested sample were found to be acceptable.

Abstract: Dietary fiber is one of value added products from cassava pulp, byproduct of cassava starch industry. It could be produced by enzymatic digestion in which the optimal condition was studied. The three independent variables are heating temperature (°C) after adding α-amylase concentration (%v/v) and amyloglucosidase concentration (%v/v) regarding of two responses solid percentage yield and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the digested sample. The experimental design was based on central composite design. The highest solid percentage yield and NDF of cassava byproduct could get from enzymatic digestion condition at heating temperature at 90 °C, α-amylase concentration of 0.3 % (v/v), and amyloglucosidase concentration of 0.5 % (v/v). For ultrasound-assisted preparation was investigated at the optimum condition of enzymatic digestion. Ultrasound condition was control power of 140% and a frequency of 40 kHz for 15 min. The ultrasound was applied at pre-treatment condition (before adding α-amylase, PU) collocated with intermediate condition (before adding amyloglucosidase, IU) higher NDF yield than optimal condition at 18.78%. In addition, this ultrasound assisted technique give the highest solid percentage.

Abstract: Currently, Golden Barrel cactus extract is formulated in dietary supplements, on account of its powerful weight loss profit and antioxidant activity. Golden Barrel cactus grusonii (Echinocactus grusonii), a Thai cultivar Golden Barrel cactus which is known as the golden barrel Golden Barrel cactus was therefore investigated for total chlorophylls with the aim of developing as a dietary supplement in future. The chlorophyll contents of 3 and 6 years Echinocactus grusonii extracts were evaluated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Grace-Vydac 201TP54 reversed-phase polymeric C18 column. The results showed that chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of Echinocactus grusonii crude extracts also at higher level at age 3 years. It was found that the main chlorophylls contents are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b at 2.94±0.55μg/ml and 1.63±0.14 μg/ml for 3 years Echinocactus grusonii. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b show lower content at 1.11±0.25μg/ml and 0.67±0.01μg/ml for 6 years Echinocactus grusonii. In conclusion, Echinocactus grusonii age 3 years crude extracts showed total chlorophylls contents higher than at age 6 years. The phytochemical profile study of Echinocactus grusonii age 3 years and 6 years crude extracts are planned in the near future.

Abstract: This paper presents the effect of drying methods on chemical and functional properties of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) powders. To prepare the Jerusalem artichoke powders, the slices of Jerusalem artichoke were dried in hot-air oven at 60°C, in microwave oven with 200 W, under open-air sun and under shade until moisture content of approximately 10% (dry basis) was reached. In addition, blanching was used in order to investigate the influence of pre-treatment. The contents of total phenolic, total sugar, reducing sugar and water-holding capacity of Jerusalem artichoke powders prepared by different drying methods were analyzed. The results showed that both blanching and drying method affected these properties of Jerusalem artichoke powders significantly (p<0.005).

Abstract: Food-grade expression systems based on using food-grade microorganisms have been developed for the production of recombinant enzymes used in food applications. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially Lactobacilli, have been widely used for various purposes in food and recognized as a promising host of food-grade enzyme production. In this study, the pSIP409 vectors, originally containing the erm gene, were used to replace this selection marker by the alr gene resulting in the production of the pSIP609 expression vector in L. planatarum. This vector could express high amounts of β-galactosidases, showing both high volumetric as well a specific enzymatic activity. Thus, the food-grade recombinant enzyme production in L. planatarum harboring pSIP609 was very fruitful and useful for food industries.

Abstract: Shikimic acid is a very important precursor for industrial synthesis of oseltamivir (Tamiflu^®) which is used for the antiviral treatment. In this study, callus culture of Ginkgo biloba for shikimic acid production was reported. Callus induced from either leaves or nodal stems of sterilized ginkgo was grown on MS medium supplemented with a combination of plant growth regulators as followed: MS+KD, MS+BD, MS+KN and MS+BN for 90 days. Morphological changes, fresh weight and shikimic acid content of callus in each medium were monitored every 30 days. The result showed that callus cultures from each treatment were morphologically different. It is likely due to explant used for callus induction and type of plant growth regulators added into the medium. Browning effect was noticeably detected from 60 days to 90 days. Moreover, fresh weight and shikimic acid content of callus culture depended on cultivation time, cultivation medium and type of explants used for callus induction. Callus induced from nodal stem grown on MS+BN for 30 days offered the highest fresh weight. For shikimic acid production, the most satisfied quantity of shikimic acid was achieved from callus cultured on MS+KN for 30 days by exploiting nodal stem as explant.

Abstract: At germination stage, paddy rice seed produces phytochemicals that are essential for human health. One way of value added concept for rice production is to germinate paddy rice grain to increase nutritional quality before selling. Typical method of soaking paddy grain in stagnant water for 1 to 2 days has been employed for germination. Water flowing through rice grains instead of stagnant may increase its nutritional quality. The objective of this study was to compare 2 methods of grain watering, i.e. soaking in stagnant water and circulating water through grains, on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and some other properties. The appropriate proportion of water used was also to be evaluated. The Khoa Dok Mali 105 rice variety was chosen for germination tests. The soaking and circulation methods were compared at 8 levels of water quantity i.e. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 times of paddy rice by weight. The results showed GABA content of paddy rice under circulation method was higher for all water quantities. The higher the amount of water, the higher the GABA content in both watering methods.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present preliminary results from testing a pilot-scale sweet sorghum diffusion extractor that was designed to extract the juice from sweet sorghum stalks while simultaneously filtrating the extracted juice. The ultimate use of the juice is fuel grade ethanol. In essence, the system is a large coffee percolator that works by running shredded sorghum through a conveyor with recirculating hot water running over the crop to extract the sugar through diffusion. The current system spans 10 m in length, is 1m wide, and 0.6 m high. The sorghum is harvested with a forage chopper, and discharged at a constant rate into the trough. The sorghum moves at a rate of 0.2 m per minute, so the sorghum is in the diffusion system for 20 minutes. The water/juice is sprayed over the chopped stalks and is kept at a target temperature of 660C. A roller fixture located at the end of the trough helps squeeze out some of the remaining juice. The pilot scale sweet sorghum diffusion system continuously extracts the sugar at a rate of 3 metric tons (mt) of sorghum an hour with a minimum sugar extraction of 60%. During our pilot testing phase we were able to process 0.65 mt of material per hour with a resultant brix of 6%. The system was halted several times to adjust the heating system, so we are confident that with further testing we can process at least 3 mt per hour of material. The conversion from the conventional harvesting and roller press of the sorghum stalk to this method could resulted in a 66% reduction in energy to harvest and extract the juice.

Abstract: BioClean and Bioextracts are liquid bioproducts for agricultural and environmental sectors. Bioclean was produced by using various diversities flowers while bioextracts were produced by using available raw materials such as vegetables, fruits, herbaceous crops, etc., and together with molasses, and the 18 species of zymogenic synthetic microorganisms [18 ZSMs]. The target of the products of bioclean and bioextracts as biofertilizers liquid (2013) was aimed to service for environment cleaning and green area on the event of Pilot Institutions Big Cleaning Day 2013 at the two institutions of Khaen Thong Childrens Home (Khon Kaen) and Srisangwankhonkaen School in Khon Kaen Province. The both products were analyzed and investigated properties products by the procedures of crops field test and water quality treatment for fishes living before monitoring to serviceable places. Furthermore, the products of bioextracts had been applied to green area for Kallapaphruek trees along all the roads at Khon Kaen University. The satisfactory on using project products of the two target institutions of Khaen Thong Childrens Home (Khon Kaen) and Srisangwankhonkaen School were 85.8% and 88.5% respectively, evaluated by the expert board of nine committees.

Abstract: The quality attributes of pasteurized milk such as total viable count (TVC), pH, conductivity and titratable acidity (TA) were determined during storage at 6, 15 and 25°C. The quality deterioration was indicated by an increase in initial TVC, conductivity and TA, and decrease in pH. The TVC increased from initial 10^3.6 CFU/ml to about 10⁶-10⁷ CFU/ml indicating spoilage of milk. The milk could be kept without spoilage for about 4, 1 and 0.35 day during storage at 6, 15 and 25°C, respectively. Changes in pH and TA could only be detected after TVC reached a level of about 10⁶ CFU/ml.). Results showed that both multiple regression and Gompertz models could be used for shelf-life prediction of pasteurized milk. However, the Gompertz model resulted in superior fitting to experimental data (r² = 0.98) compared to the multiple regression model (r² = 0.76).