Advanced Materials Research Vols. 941-944

Abstract: To manufacture the biodegradable protein films available for potential environmentally friendly application, down feather fiber was prepared and modified by formamide which acts as a plasticizer and then hot-pressed into films. The influence of formamdie on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic down films was investigated. The protein films modified by formamide were tough and showed excellent mechanical properties compared to the films without formamide. The down thermoplastic films modified by formamide showed lower weight loss of formamide indicating formamide is a good plasticizer for protein application.

Abstract: Themechanism of NO adsorption and oxidation over activated carbon at lowtemperature has been studied by NO adsorption and oxidation, NO₂adsorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show thatwhen oxygen is present, activated carbon catalyses NO oxidation into NO₂and a stable NO conversion rate is achieved. NO is adsorbed in the form of (NO)₂due to the confinement effects of the activated carbon micropore. (NO)₂is oxidized into NO₂ by oxygen. The disproportionation of NO₂gives NO and NO₃, that causes the peak of the maximum NOconcentration. When the active sites are saturated by NO₃, NO₂adsorption and disproportionation gradually diminish, that results in NO₂breakthrough and increases the concentration of NO₂ to thestationary one. At the same time, the concentration of NO gradually decreasesto the stationary one after the maximum.

Abstract: The influences of concentration of metal chelation solution, pH values, the concentration of O₂ supplied by some thermal power plants in Wuxi, and the concentration of SO₃^2- on the adsorption performance were studied. The results indicated that the removal ratio improved with the increase of bulk concentration. However, when the concentration exceeded 15mmol/L, the increase rate reduced. It was found that the chelation ability enhanced with the increase of pH values as well as the decrease of oxygen concentration in the flue gas. The SO₃^2- in the solution was beneficial to improve and extend the adsorption capacity of Fe (II) EDTA. According to the FI-IR, the carboxyl in Na₂EDTA coordinated with Fe(II). XPS showed that Fe²⁺ was the main valence of Fe in Fe(II)EDTA. Through the calculation of fold peak area, the content of Fe²⁺ was 72.17%. And the existence of Fe²⁺ in the Fe(II)EDTA was pivotal for the complexation.

Abstract: Adding biochar to agricultural soil has been suggested as an approach to enhance soil carbon sequestration. Biochar has also been used as a soil amendment to reduce nutrient leaching, reduce soil acidity and improve water holding capacity. Walnut shells and woody material are waste products of orchards that are cheap, carbon-rich and good feedstock for production of biochar. The effectiveness of biochar as an amendment varies considerably as a function of its feedstock, temperature during pyrolysis, the biochar dose to soil, and mechanical composition. Biochar was produced from pyrolysis of walnut shell at 900 °C and soft wood at 600 to 700 °C. We measured the effect of these different parameters in two types of agricultural soil in Jilin and Beijing, China, a silt clay loam and a sandy loam, on the soils’ particle size distribution and water retention characteristics. Biochars with two different doses were applied to each soil type. Soil field capacity and permanent wilting point were measured using a pressure plate extractor for each combination of biochar and soil type. The results show that the effect of biochar amendment on soil water retention characteristics depend primarily on soil particle size distribution and surface characteristics of biochar. High surface area biochar can help raise the water holding capacity of sandy soil.

Abstract: Plant camouflage is one of the camouflage methods, which is conducted by using of planting and collecting plant and changing color of plant to conceal targets. It can be used to camouflage relatively big permanent fixed targets in peace time and also to camouflage relatively big permanent fixed targets in peace time and also to camouflage relatively small fixed or moving targets. However, in recent years, with the natural disasters occurring alternately, plant camouflage can be destroyed easily, and it is difficult to rebuild in a short time. To improve the effect of plant camouflage, more fertilizers are required, which may become an environmental hazard, unless adequate technical and socioeconomic impacts are addressed. A multifunctional slow-release nitrogen fertilizer has been developed to improve fertilizer use efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. In this paper, a series of slow-release formulations of nitrogen fertilizer were developed on the basis of natural attapulgite clay, ethylcellulose film, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose/hydroxylethylcellulose hydrogel. The structural of the product were examined. The slow-release profiles of ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and urea as nitrogen fertilizer substrates were determined in soil.

Abstract: The natural sepiolite as the main raw material, removing the quartz, calcium carbonate and other impurities through purification. The purified sepiolite was roasting activation pretreatment, in order to enhance surface porosity and reaction activity, and then was made of sepiolite composite by modifying through the use of silane coupling agent. The samples were characterized by XRD、SEM、BET、FT-IR and other chemical analysis method. The weight percentage of CO₂ which were adsorbed by the modified sepiolite increased from 4% to 14.61%.

Abstract: The paper mainly studied the corrosion properties of refractory weathering steel under chloride ion erosion environment. The full immersion tests on refractory weathering steel and carbon steel Q235 were conducted; and then a comparative analysis from the perspective of the corrosion weightlessness, the macro and micro morphology of rust layers have been made. Results indicated that refractory weathering steel and carbon steel corrosion weightlessness is relatively close to the early stage of corrosion, but the trend is reversed in the mid to late; refractory weathering steel corrosion weightlessness gradually decline, but the carbon steel’s is first increase then decrease. The carbon steel is mainly pitting corrosion, while refractory weathering steel develops general corrosion under chloride ion erosion environment. Rust layers of carbon steel are loose, hollow, and uneven. As the corrosion time goes on, the thickness of refractory weathering steel’s rust layers continuously thickening and the rust layers’ integrity are gradually increasing. The corrosion depth of refractory weathering steel is less than carbon steel’s; so does the longitudinal corrosion. This is because the microstructure of carbon steel is coarse pearlite and ferrite while the refractory weathering steel is granular bainite; the grain boundaries of carbon steel have more inclusions, especially MnS that is easily dissolved in chloride ion erosion environment. It is found that alloying elements Cr, Cu are enriched in the rust layers of refractory weathering steel by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The enrichment of these alloy elements in the rust layers improves the rust layer density, so that the uniform, dense, smooth rust layers formed on the surface of refractory weathering steel play a significant protective film to improve the substrate resistance corrosion.

Abstract: In urban drainage filtration systems pass stormwater through a filter media, with the beneficial effects of reducing peak runoff rates and volumes, and retaining pollutants prior to discharge to groundwater or receiving surface waters. The use of filtration systems is advantageous in urban areas limited by space constraints, since such measures do not require high surface area availability. Recent literature has demonstrated that olive stones, which are by-products of olive-oil industry, may be re-used as filtration media for removing targeted stormwater pollutant such as heavy metals, organic matter and hydrocarbons. Although large research literature has investigated the chemical composition of olives and olive stones, only few studies have analyzed the hydraulic behavior of the olive stone. The aim of this article is to show the potential use of the olive stone as filtration system for stormwater, by investigating the hydraulic behavior of such filter media. In this study the hydraulic discharging rate of olive stones is explored for varying widths. This set of results will represent a valuable guideline for engineers in the design of olive stone filtration systems.

Abstract: Organobentonites with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTMA) and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (HTMA) were prepared and used as carrier of diazinon, with purpose to provide controlled release properties to the formulation containing diazinon. The structure of organobentonites was characterized by FTIR and XRD and the sorption towards diazinon was investigated, to reveal the effects of organobentonites on the release of diazinon. It was showed that organobentonites with quaternary alkylammonium were of excellent sorption capacity towards diazinon, in which hydrophobic interaction played a key roll. An enhancement of sorption could be achieved by increasing the alkyl chain length and the loading level of modifying agent. The release of diazinon was greatly reduced by organobentonites. The time taken for 50% of active ingredient to be released, T₅₀, from organobentonites with DTMA loading of 75, 100 and 125% of the cation exchange capacity were 45.9, 40.2 and 38.0 times of the value for the formulation without organobentonites, respectively. Those for the release from organobentonites with HTMA of the same loading level were 73.2, 63.2 and 52.1 times. The difference of diazinon release may be related to the change in the structure of organobentonites and the interaction with diazinon. An increase in loading level of quaternary ammonium could produce a faster release of diazinon, while the extension of the alkyl chain slowed down the release.

Abstract: Effect of particle size of Al (OH)₃ and Mg-containing modifier of binder and hardener on the dry strength and storage stability of high neutralization degree phosphate-bonded no-bake sand were studied. Results show that particle size of Al (OH)₃ has little effect on the dry strength and storage stability when its varieties are 4.552 μ m toothpaste-grade Al (OH)₃ and 6.136μm industrial special Al (OH)₃, 6.136μm industrial special Al (OH)₃ is more appropriate in consideration of cost and source. Adding Mg-containing modifier to binder code 32B8M15B cannot improve the dry strength and storage stability, but adopting compound modifier, 2% fused magnesia powder+2% iron powder+4% copper powder ,can obtain better properties , dry strength can reach 3.022MPa, and the minimum strength is above 1MPa with humidity fluctuation from 21%RH to 60%RH in 18 days.