For Libraries For Publication Open Access Downloads About Us Contact Us
Paper Titles
Preface
Effects of Nanoclay on the Tensile Strength and Microstructure of Tigernut Fibre- Epoxy Composites (NFPCs)
p.3
Highly Conductive Polymer Composite Based on Graphite-Filled Immiscible Polyolefin/Epoxy Blends
p.10
Development of Biodegradable Plastic Sheet from Blends of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Banana Peel Starch
p.22
Mechanical Properties of Polyester Resin Reinforced with Treated Plantain Pseudo Steam Fibers
p.32
The Status of High Entropy Alloys Studies in Africa: An Overview
p.41
A Physical Simulation of Heat Affected Zone of Creep Resistant Steel: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Analysis
p.54
Failure Mode and Cost Effect Analysis of a Model Bone Crushing Hammer
p.63
Synergistic Protection of Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solutions Using Mixtures of Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors
p.73

Highly Conductive Polymer Composite Based on Graphite-Filled Immiscible Polyolefin/Epoxy Blends

Article Preview

Abstract:

Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) based on polypropylene (PP)/epoxy (EP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/EP blends filled with synthetic graphite (SG) were produced and characterized to explore their potential for high electrical conductivity applications. The polymer blends were chosen as matrices due to their immiscibility and potential to enable co-continuous morphology formation and preferential distribution of filler, which allows formation of maximized conducting networks. In-plane and through-plane resistivities of PP/EP/SG composites decreased from 0.083 Ω.cm to 0.015 Ω.cm and 10.16 Ω.cm to 0.31 Ω.cm, respectively, while for HDPE/EP/SG composites, in-plane and through-plane resistivities decreased from 0.086 Ω.cm to 0.014 Ω.cm and 5.02 Ω.cm to 0.24 Ω.cm, respectively, when SG content was increased from 30 to 80 wt%. The immiscible blend-based composites produced in this study have the potential to achieve significantly higher conductivity than filled single polymers due to concentration of filler in one of the polymer phases and the co-continuous structure of the blends. Also, resistivity anisotropy of the PP/EP/SG and HDPE/EP/SG composites generally decreased with increase in SG content, with HDPE/EP/SG composites showing lower resistivity anisotropy than PP/EP/SG composites at the same SG content.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
Materials and Technologies for Sustainability: Sustainable Engineering and Materials Development View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 917)

Pages:

10-21

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ytr30y

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

April 2022

Authors:

Oluwaseun Ayotunde Alo*, Iyiola Olatunji Otunniyi

Keywords:

Conductive Polymer Composites, Conductivity Anisotropy, Electrical Conductivity, Immiscible Blends, Polyolefins

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2022 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] A. Gopanna, K. P. Rajan, S. P. Thomas, M. Chavali, Chapter 6 - Polyethylene and polypropylene matrix composites for biomedical applications, In Materials for Biomedical Engineering, Grumezescu, V.; Grumezescu, A. M., Eds. Elsevier: 2019; pp.175-216.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816874-5.00006-2

Google Scholar

[2] A. M. Díez-Pascual, Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Thermoplastic Blends. In Handbook of Epoxy Blends, J. Parameswaranpillai, N. Hameed, J. Pionteck, E, Woo, Eds. Springer, Cham: Switzerland, 2017, pp.743-774.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40043-3_25

Google Scholar

[3] T. P. Mohan, K. Kanny, Melt blend studies of nanoclay-filled polypropylene (PP)–high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites, Journal of Materials Science. 48, 23 (2013) 8292-8301.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-013-7642-9

Google Scholar

[4] T. Gurunathan, C. R. K. Rao, R. Narayan, K. V. S. N. Raju, Polyurethane conductive blends and composites: synthesis and applications perspective, Journal of Materials Science. 48, 1 (2013) 67-80.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-012-6658-x

Google Scholar

[5] R. Yadav, M. Tirumali, X. Wang, M. Naebe, B. Kandasubramanian, Polymer composite for antistatic application in aerospace, Defence Technology. 16(2020), 107-118.

DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.04.008

Google Scholar

[6] H. Liu, Q. Li, S. Zhang, R. Yin, X. Liu, Y. He, K. Dai, C. Shan, J. Guo, C. Liu, Electrically conductive polymer composites for smart flexible strain sensors: a critical review, J. Mater. Chem., C. 6,45 (2018) 12121-12141.

DOI: 10.1039/c8tc04079f

Google Scholar

[7] S. Maity, A. Chatterjee, Conductive polymer-based electro-conductive textile composites for electromagnetic interference shielding: A review, J. Ind. Text. 47,8 (2018) 2228-2252.

DOI: 10.1177/1528083716670310

Google Scholar

[8] Y. Jafarzadeh, R. Yegani, M. Sedaghat, Preparation, characterization and fouling analysis of ZnO/polyethylene hybrid membranes for collagen separation, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 94(2015) 417-427.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.08.017

Google Scholar

[9] A. Akbari, R. Yegani, B. Pourabbas, Synthesis of high dispersible hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)/vinyl silane grafted silica nanoparticles to fabricate protein repellent polyethylene nanocomposite, Eur. Polym. J. 81(2016) 86-97.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.05.011

Google Scholar

[10] T. Matsumoto, Y. Nakanishi, C. Hongo, H. Hakukawa, S. Horiuchi, T. Nishino, Adhesive interphase analyses of isotactic polypropylene and cyanoacrylate with cobalt complex primers, Polymer. 137(2018) 63-71.

DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.011

Google Scholar

[11] P. Rzeczkowski, M. Lucia, A. Müller, M. Facklam, A. Cohnen, P. Schäfer, C. Hopmann, T. Hickmann, P. Pötschke, B. Krause, In Development of joining methods for highly filled graphite/PP composite based bipolar plates for fuel cells: adhesive joining and welding, AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC: (2019)110003.

DOI: 10.1063/1.5121678

Google Scholar

[12] P. Rzeczkowski, B. Krause, P. Pötschke, Characterization of Highly Filled PP/Graphite Composites for Adhesive Joining in Fuel Cell Applications, Polymers. 11,3 (2019) 462.

DOI: 10.3390/polym11030462

Google Scholar

[13] A. Sciacovelli, M. E. Navarro, Y. Jin, G. Qiao, L. Zheng, G. Leng, L. Wang, Y. Ding, High density polyethylene (HDPE) — Graphite composite manufactured by extrusion: A novel way to fabricate phase change materials for thermal energy storage, Particuology. 40 (2018) 131-140.

DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2017.11.011

Google Scholar

[14] J. Yu, L. Q. Zhang, M. Rogunova, J. Summers, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, Conductivity of polyolefins filled with high‐structure carbon black, Journal of applied polymer science. 98, 4 (2005) 1799-1805.

DOI: 10.1002/app.22238

Google Scholar

[15] K. Wu, Y. Xue, W. Yang, S. Chai, F. Chen, Q. Fu, Largely enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity via constructing double percolated filler network in polypropylene/expanded graphite–multi-wall carbon nanotubes ternary composites, Composites Science and Technology. 130(2016) 28-35.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.04.034

Google Scholar

[16] V. Causin, C. Marega, A. Marigo, G. Ferrara, A. Ferraro, Morphological and structural characterization of polypropylene/conductive graphite nanocomposites, European Polymer Journal. 42, 12(2006) 3153-3161.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.08.017

Google Scholar

[17] J. Z. Liang, Q. Q. Yang, Mechanical properties of carbon black-filled high-density polyethylene antistatic composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 28, 3 (2009), 295-304.

DOI: 10.1177/0731684407081376

Google Scholar

[18] S. K. H. Gulrez, M. E. Ali Mohsin, H. Shaikh, A. Anis, A. M. Pulose, M. K. Yadav, E. H. P. Qua, S. M. Al‐Zahrani, A review on electrically conductive polypropylene and polyethylene, Polym. Compos. 35, 5 (2014) 900-914.

DOI: 10.1002/pc.22734

Google Scholar

[19] B. Caglar, J. Richards, P. Fischer, J. Tuebke, Conductive polymer composites and coated metals as alternative bipolar plate materials for all-vanadium redox-flow batteries, Adv. Mater. Lett. 5 (2014) 299-308.

DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2014.amwc.1023

Google Scholar

[20] A. Kausar, Overview on conducting polymer in energy storage and energy conversion system, J. Macromol. Sci. A. 54, 9 (2017) 640-653.

DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2017.1317210

Google Scholar

[21] R. Taherian, A review of composite and metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Materials, fabrication, and material selection, J. Power Sources. 265 (2014) 370-390.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.081

Google Scholar

[22] X. L. Jiang, K. Sun, Y. X. Zhang, Effects of dynamical cure and compatibilization on the morphology and properties of the PP/epoxy blends, Express Polymer Letters. 1 (2007) 283-291.

DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.41

Google Scholar

[23] L. Cui, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, W. Zhou, Electrical properties and conductive mechanisms of immiscible polypropylene/Novolac blends filled with carbon black, Eur. Polym. J. 43, 12 (2007) 5097-5106.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.08.023

Google Scholar

[24] H. Duan, H. Zhu, Y. Yang, T. Hou, G. Zhao, Y. Liu, Facile and economical fabrication of conductive polyamide 6 composites with segregated expanded graphite networks for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 29, 2 (2018) 1058-1064.

DOI: 10.1007/s10854-017-8006-z

Google Scholar

[25] A. Graziano, C. Garcia, S. Jaffer, J. Tjong, M. Sain, Novel functional graphene and its thermodynamic interfacial localization in biphasic polyolefin systems for advanced lightweight applications, Composites Science and Technology. 188 (2020), 107958.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107958

Google Scholar

[26] Y. Li, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Electrical properties and morphology of polypropylene/epoxy/glass fiber composites filled with carbon black, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98, 3 (2005) 1142-1149.

DOI: 10.1002/app.22105

Google Scholar

[27] Y. Li, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Carbon black‐filled immiscible polypropylene/epoxy blends, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 99, 2 (2006) 461-471.

DOI: 10.1002/app.22011

Google Scholar

[28] R. L. Barton, J. M. Keith, J. A. King, Electrical conductivity modeling of multiple carbon fillers in liquid crystal polymer composites for fuel cell bipolar plate applications, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 11, 3 (2008) 181.

Google Scholar

[29] B. K. Kakati, D. Sathiyamoorthy, A. Verma, Semi-empirical modeling of electrical conductivity for composite bipolar plate with multiple reinforcements, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 36, 22 (2011) 14851-14857.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.02.136

Google Scholar

[30] J. W. Kim, N. H. Kim, T. Kuilla, T. J. Kim, K. Y. Rhee, J. H. Lee, Synergy effects of hybrid carbon system on properties of composite bipolar plates for fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 195, 17 (2010), 5474-5480.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.083

Google Scholar

[31] M. H. Lee, H. Y. Kim, S. M. Oh, B. C. Kim, D. Bang, J. T. Han, J. S. Woo, Structural optimization of graphite for high-performance fluorinated ethylene–propylene composites as bipolar plates, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 43, 48 (2018) 21918-21927.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.104

Google Scholar

[32] R. A. Antunes, M. C. L. De Oliveira, G. Ett, V. Ett, Carbon materials in composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: A review of the main challenges to improve electrical performance, Journal of Power Sources. 196, 6 (2011) 2945-2961.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.041

Google Scholar

[33] P. Pötschke, D. R. Paul, Formation of co-continuous structures in melt-mixed immiscible polymer blends, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews. 43, 1 (2003) 87-141.

DOI: 10.1081/mc-120018022

Google Scholar

[34] Veenstra, H.; van Lent, B. J. J.; van Dam, J.; de Boer, A. P., Co-continuous morphologies in polymer blends with SEBS block copolymers, Polymer. 40, 24 (1999) 6661-6672.

DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00875-1

Google Scholar

[35] A. Graziano, S. Jaffer, M. Sain, Review on modification strategies of polyethylene/polypropylene immiscible thermoplastic polymer blends for enhancing their mechanical behavior, Journal of Elastomers & Plastics. 51, 4 (2019) 291-336.

DOI: 10.1177/0095244318783806

Google Scholar

[36] R. Taherian, Experimental and analytical model for the electrical conductivity of polymer-based nanocomposites, Compos Sci Technol. 123 (2016) 17-31.

Google Scholar

[37] Y. Pan, X. Liu, X. Hao, Z. Starý, D. W. Schubert, Enhancing the electrical conductivity of carbon black-filled immiscible polymer blends by tuning the morphology, Eur. Polym. J. 78 (2016) 106-115.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.03.019

Google Scholar

[38] O. A. Alo, I. O. Otunniyi, C. Pienaar, Development of graphite‐filled polymer blends for application in bipolar plates, Polym. Compos. 41, 8 (2020) 3364-3375.

DOI: 10.1002/pc.25625

Google Scholar

[39] R. Salehiyan, S. S. Ray, Tuning the conductivity of nanocomposites through nanoparticle migration and interface crossing in immiscible polymer blends: A review on fundamental understanding, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 304 (2019) 1800431.

DOI: 10.1002/mame.201800431

Google Scholar

[40] B. Krause, A. Cohnen, P. Pötschke, T. Hickmann, D. Koppler, B Proksch, T. Kersting, C. Hopmann, In Influence of graphite and SEBS addition on thermal and electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites, AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC: 2017; p.030009.

DOI: 10.1063/1.5016696

Google Scholar

[41] A. Naji, B. Krause, P. Pötschke, A. Ameli, Hybrid conductive filler/polycarbonate composites with enhanced electrical and thermal conductivities for bipolar plate applications, Polymer Composites. 40, 8 (2019) 3189-3198.

DOI: 10.1002/pc.25169

Google Scholar

[42] W. Thongruang, R. J. Spontak, C. M. Balik, Correlated electrical conductivity and mechanical property analysis of high-density polyethylene filled with graphite and carbon fiber, Polymer. 43, 8 (2002) 2279-2286.

DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00043-5

Google Scholar

[43] R. Dweiri, J. Sahari, Electrical properties of carbon-based polypropylene composites for bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), Journal of Power Sources. 171, 2 (2007) 424-432.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.106

Google Scholar

[44] H. Suherman, Y. Mahyoedin, E. Septe, R. Rizade, Properties of graphite/epoxy composites: the in-plane conductivity, tensile strength and shore hardness. AIMS Materials Science, (2019).

DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2019.2.165

Google Scholar

[45] Y. Wang, Conductive thermoplastic composite blends for flow field plates for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). University of Waterloo, Ontario, (2006).

Google Scholar

[46] A. Fina, Z. Han, G. Saracco, U. Gross, M. Mainil, Morphology and conduction properties of graphite‐filled immiscible PVDF/PPgMA blends. Polym. Adv. Technol. 23, 12 (2012) 1572-1579.

DOI: 10.1002/pat.3031

Google Scholar

[47] E. T. Thostenson, C. Li, T. W. Chou, Nanocomposites in context, Composites Science and Technology. 65, 3-4 (2005) 491-516.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.003

Google Scholar

[48] S. Radhakrishnan, B. T. S. Ramanujam, A. Adhikari, S. Sivaram, High-temperature, polymer–graphite hybrid composites for bipolar plates: effect of processing conditions on electrical properties, J. Power Sources. 163, 2 (2007) 702-707.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.08.019

Google Scholar

[49] L. Li, H. Shi, Z. Liu, L. Mi, G. Zheng, C. Liu, K. Dai, C. Shen, Anisotropic Conductive Polymer Composites Based on High Density Polyethylene/Carbon Nanotube/Polyoxyethylene Mixtures for Microcircuits Interconnection and Organic Vapor Sensor, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2, 6 (2019) 3636-3647.

DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.9b00584

Google Scholar

[50] N. A. M. Radzuan, A. B. Sulong, M. R.Somalu, Influence the Fillers Orientation: A Short Review. (2018).

DOI: 10.20944/preprints201808.0193.v1

Google Scholar

© 2025 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For open access content, terms of the Creative Commons licensing CC-BY are applied.
Scientific.Net is a registered trademark of Trans Tech Publications Ltd.