Key Engineering Materials Vol. 987

Abstract: This research is aim at developing marble-looking fired clay tile by utilizing waste glass cullet (CGC) mixed up with local plastic clay, sediment soil, and laterite clay. Boric oxide is also used as sintering aid. The experimental formulation is divided into 3 groups (A, B, and C) with 27 formulas. Test samples are moulded at 100 bar by Uni-axial pressing in dimension 50 x 100 x 7 mm and fried at temperature 850 °C. The initial results show that all formulas can develop marble texture and achieve Thai Industrial Standard TIS 2508-2555. Reducing firing temperature to 800 °C is the further investigation. However, formulas consisting 90% glass cullet are not selected, due to difficulty of molding workpieces. The final results of firing 800^o C show that formula A6 containing 15% Plastic clay, 85% glass cullet, 2% boric oxide has the highest bending strength and lowest water absorption (<1%). Its properties are similar to formula C6 containing 15% laterite soil 85% glass cullet, 2% boric oxide. They can pass Thai Industrial Standard TIS 2508-2555 Floor Tiles BI_b. Analyzing microstructure the fired specimens of these formulas by Scanning Electron Microscope has found glassy phases and dense matrix structures. Furthermore, Nepheline, Quartz, Cristobalite, Wollastonite, Devitrite, and Albite are identified by X-Ray Diffractometer. It can be summarized that marble texture surface fired clay tile can be developed by utilizing waste glass and low cost local materials.

Abstract: The recent discovery of the Central Davao Fault System leads to assessing the buildings' seismic performance close to the area. DOST-PAGASA released the Earthquake Atlas, "Metro Davao Earthquake Model," that shows research data and valuable information that would be used in designing new structures and seismic evaluation. Using this Earthquake Atlas, a Four Storey Professional School Building in the University of Mindanao was assessed using ASCE/SEI 41. Structural Engineers and Practitioners widely use the code for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings. As-built plans were acquired first for data collection and structural modelling, analyze using SAP 2000 software and perform a seismic evaluation using the results of the analysis in accordance with ASCE 41 standard; and for the output, provide an evaluation report of the structure’s performance. Using first (ATC 40), second (FEMA 356), and next-generation (FEMA 440 and ASCE 41-13) seismic design principles, the structure was evaluated according to the selection of performance objectives and seismic level. Linear and Nonlinear analyses were employed. Pushover curve was drawn from SAP 2000 for two actions of plastic hinge behavior, deformation-controlled and force-controlled actions. The target performance objective of the structure in this study is Life Safety Level at 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years with 5% damped based on ASCE 41-13 standard. The assessment results show that the structure did not meet the criteria for life safety level requirements in ASCE/SEI 41 for columns, particularly on the first and last floor level for linear analysis procedure. A few numbers of beams also did not meet the standards, specifically on the roof beam level. The displaced ductility ratio was found to be 3.47 (moderately ductility demand). In nonlinear analysis, the structure also failed to meet the base shear requirements for both deformation and forced controlled actions in Pushover analysis. Performance base shear Vp of 3.233 exceeded the acceptable limit of less than 1.0. The first modal period 1.976 seconds was also notably higher than the building period of 0.647 seconds which indicates structure's low stiffness. These findings were evidence that the structure should undergo retrofitting procedures to meet seismic performance objectives and strengthen the structure's resilience to earthquake damages.

Abstract: The site visit is the core of the energy audit, where you inspect, measure, and document the building's energy performance and efficiency. Various tools and techniques may be used for this purpose, such as a walk-through survey to observe the building's condition, a blower door test to measure air tightness and infiltration, a thermographic scan to detect heat loss and gain, a lighting audit to assess lighting quality, quantity, and controls, a plug load audit to quantify appliance and equipment energy consumption, a submetering or data logging system to monitor specific systems or zones, and a power quality analyzer to measure electrical parameters and harmonics. Additionally, it is important to interview the building's owner, manager, and occupants in order to gain their feedback and suggestions on energy performance and issues. This paper review of how a drone can help in the energy audit of a building using thermal images and RGB images from thermal camera which will be use in Building Information Modelling (BIM). There are a variety of relevant literatures that serve as sources of inspiration for the conduct of this study. One example is the utilization of teleoperated helicopters that are equipped with an infrared thermal camera. These helicopters are intended to be investigated for energy audits in order to readily assess the conditions of the structure. More improvements will be made to the collected photographs, such as merging them with three-dimensional RGB images. This will allow for an exact determination of which area of the building need upgrading in order to reduce the amount of energy that is emitted; this notion is similar to that of finite element analysis.

Abstract: Semi-flexible pavement (SFP) is a type of road surface that combines open-graded asphalt concrete with cement grout for wearing courses containing 18 to 28% air voids. This study investigates the effectiveness of two types of cement grouts using modified styrene-butadiene emulsions, Sika Latex and Sika Latex TH, with varying amounts ranging from 4.5% to 7.5% and 7.5% to 9%, respectively. The goal of the paper is to determine the appropriated type of styrene-butadiene emulsion type for SFP. To create the SFP, the selected grout and Vinkems Asphalsol grout with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 were poured into the asphalt structure, resulting in an SFP with 22.8% air voids. Additionally, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of SFP. These experiments included the Marshall stability test, indirect tensile strength test, and resilient modulus test. The study results showed that Sika Latex 6.5% and Sika Latex TH 9% had good properties for use in SFP.