The Study of Improved Silty Sand with Stone Columns under Consolidation Condition

Abstract:

In a laboratory setting under consolidation conditions, this study investigated the performance of saturated silty sand improved by stone columns. The studies were carried out with area replacement ratios of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.11, and relative soil densities of 40% and 90%. The properties of the stone column were analyzed by measuring settlement and stress distribution on the soil and column. The performance improvements are mainly due to the stiffness and high bearing capacity of silty sand under dry conditions. However, when in contact with water, there is a high risk of failure because the soil becomes saturated or partially saturated. The soil transitions from a solid to a liquid state, resulting in a loss of strength and stiffness under applied vertical pressure. The test results displayed that the settlement reduction ratio of the stone column ranged from 1.12 to 2.18. The stress concentration ratio ranged from 5.04 to 6.78, and column efficacy ranged from 0.126 to 0.459. Thus, the stone column significantly improved the silty sand by decreasing settlement, increasing stress on the column-supported embankment, and reducing stress on the soil.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 998)
• Pages: 3-11
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-9kC9FA
• Online since: December 2024
• Authors: Asarut Noorak*, Marupatch Jamnongwong, Uthairith Rochanavibhata
• Keywords: Column Efficacy, Ground Improvement, Settlement, Stone Column, Stress Concentration Ratio

References

[1] B. A. Mir, "Some studies on the effect of fly ash and lime on physical and mechanical properties of expansive clay," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3–4, 2015.

[2] L. S. Wong, "Formulation of an optimal mix design of stabilized peat columns with fly ash as a Pozzolan," Arab J Sci Eng, vol. 40, no. 4, 2015.

DOI: 10.1007/s13369-015-1576-2

[3] R. Shivashankar, M. R. Dheerendra Babu, S. Nayak, and R. Manjunath, "Stone Columns with Vertical Circumferential Nails: Laboratory Model Study," Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 28, no. 5, 2010.

DOI: 10.1007/s10706-010-9329-1

[4] N. P. Balaam and J. R. Booker, "Analysis of rigid rafts supported by granular piles," Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech, vol. 5, no. 4, 1981.

DOI: 10.1002/nag.1610050405

[5] R. D. Barksdale and R. C. Bachus, "Design and Construction of Stone Columns Volume II, Appendixes," 1983.

[6] J. Castro and C. Sagaseta, "Consolidation around stone columns. Influence of column deformation," Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech, vol. 33, no. 7, 2009.

DOI: 10.1002/nag.745

[7] R. R. Goughnour and A. A. Bayuk, "FIELD STUDY OF LONG TERM SETTLEMENTS OF LOADS SUPPORTED BY STONE COLUMNS IN SOFT GROUND.," in Ocean Industry, 1979.

[8] J. K. Mitchell and T. R. Huber, "Performance of a stone column foundation," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 111, no. 2, 1985.

DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:2(205)

[9] D. T. Bergado, N. Singh, S. H. Sim, B. Panichayatum, C. L. Sampaco, and A. S. Balasubramaniam, "Improvement of soft Bangkok clay using vertical geotextile band drains compared with granular piles," Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 9, no. 3, 1990.

DOI: 10.1016/0266-1144(90)90054-G

[10] V. B. Chauhan, Y. A. Kolekar, and S. M. Dasaka, "Some Laboratory and Numerical Studies on the Behaviour of Stone Columns Installed in Mumbai Marine Clay," in Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, 2018.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61902-6_11

[11] A. P. Ambily and S. R. Gandhi, "Behavior of Stone Columns Based on Experimental and FEM Analysis," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 133, no. 4, 2007.

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:4(405)

[12] ASTM D4253, "Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a," ASTM Standards, I,2006.

[13] ASTM D4254, "Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density," ASTM Standards, I, 2006.

DOI: 10.1520/d4254

[14] D. Muir-Wood, W. Hu, and D. F. T. Nash, "Group effects in stone column foundations: model tests," Géotechnique, vol. 51, no. 7, 2001.

DOI: 10.1680/geot.51.7.649.51392

[15] D. Rathod, M. S. Abid, and S. K. Vanapalli, "Performance of polypropylene textile encased stone columns," Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 49, no. 1, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2020.10.025

[16] M. M. Rezaei, S. H. Lajevardi, H. Saba, A. Ghalandarzadeh, and E. Zeighami, "Laboratory Study on Single Stone Columns Reinforced with Steel Bars and Discs," International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, 2019.

DOI: 10.1007/s40891-019-0154-1

[17] J. A. Charles and K. S. Watts, "COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCED WITH GRANULAR COLUMNS.," in Proceedings of the European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1983.

[18] M. E. Jamkhaneh, A. H. Ebrahimi, and M. S. Amiri, "Investigation of the behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced stone columns," Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 173, no. 6, 2020.

DOI: 10.1680/jgeen.19.00161

[19] K. Kirsch and F. Kirsch, Ground Improvement by Deep Vibratory Methods: Second Edition. 2016.

DOI: 10.1201/9781315372341

[20] J. Han, principles and practice of ground improvement, vol. 53, no. 9. 2015.

[21] J. Castro and C. Sagaseta, "Influence of elastic strains during plastic deformation of encased stone columns," Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 37, 2013.

DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.01.005

[22] M. Miranda, A. Da Costa, J. Castro, and C. Sagaseta, "Influence of geotextile encasement on the behaviour of stone columns: Laboratory study," Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 45, no. 1, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.08.004

[23] A. Cimentada, A. da Costa, J. Cañizal, and C. Sagaseta, "Laboratory study on radial consolidation and deformation in clay reinforced with stone columns," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 48, no. 1, 2011.

DOI: 10.1139/T10-043

[24] S.-Y. Liu, Y.-J. Du, Y.-L. Yi, and A. J. Puppala, "Field Investigations on Performance of T-Shaped Deep Mixed Soil Cement Column–Supported Embankments over Soft Ground," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 138, no. 6, 2012.

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000625

[25] Z. Fang and J.-H. Yin, " Responses of Excess Pore Water Pressure in Soft Marine Clay around Soil–Cement Column," International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 7, no. 3, 2007.

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2007)7:3(167)