Antibacterial Efficacy of Non-Copper Polymer Based Composite Enhanced with Metallic Particles Using Fused Deposition Modeling

Abstract:

The aim of this experimental investigation is to assess the antibacterial resistance of a biodegradable Polylactic acid (PLA) based composite material enriched with non-copper metallic particles, notably Stainless Steel, and Aluminum as alternatives to copper. The composite materials were processed using additive manufacturing technology using commercial fused deposition modeling printers to produce samples for antibacterial testing. The antibacterial materials were assessed according to international standards to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy at different time intervals. It has been disclosed that the biodegradable PLA composite enhanced with Stainless Steel or Aluminum demonstrated an excellent resistance against distinct kinds of bacteria through the observed significant reduction in the bacteria levels.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1090)
• Pages: 9-15
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-8v7t51
• Online since: May 2023
• Authors: Waleed Ahmed*, Ali H. Al-Marzouqi, Tahir A. Rizvi, Mushtaq Khan, Essam Zaneldin, Muhammad Nazir
• Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Aluminum, Antibacterial, Biodegradable, Stainless Steel

References

[1] Eshkalak SK, Ghomi ER, Dai Y, Choudhury D, Ramakrishna S. The role of three-dimensional printing in healthcare and medicine. Materials & Design. 2020;194:108940.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108940

[2] Mania S, Ryl J, Jinn J-R, Wang Y-J, Michałowska A, Tylingo R. The Production possibility of the antibacterial filaments by co-extrusion of the PLA pellet with chitosan powder for FDM 3D printing technology. Polymers. 2019;11(11):1893.

DOI: 10.3390/polym11111893

[3] Vasickova P, Pavlik I, Verani M, Carducci A. Issues concerning survival of viruses on surfaces. Food and Environmental Virology. 2010;2(1):24-34.

DOI: 10.1007/s12560-010-9025-6

[4] Das Jana I, Kumbhakar P, Banerjee S, Gowda CC, Kedia N, Kuila SK, et al. Copper Nanoparticle–Graphene Composite-Based Transparent Surface Coating with Antiviral Activity against Influenza Virus. ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2020;4(1):352-62.

DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02713

[5] Huang H, Fan C, Li M, Nie H-L, Wang F-B, Wang H, et al. COVID-19: a call for physical scientists and engineers. ACS nano. 2020;14(4):3747-54.

DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02618

[6] Minoshima M, Lu Y, Kimura T, Nakano R, Ishiguro H, Kubota Y, et al. Comparison of the antiviral effect of solid-state copper and silver compounds. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2016;312:1-7.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.023

[7] Boonkaew B, Kempf M, Kimble R, Supaphol P, Cuttle L. Antibacterial efficacy of a novel silver hydrogel dressing compared to two common silver burn wound dressings: Acticoat™ and PolyMem Silver®. Burns. 2014;40(1):89-96.

DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.05.011

[8] Ma J, Zhang J, Xiong Z, Yong Y, Zhao X. Preparation, characterization and antibacterial properties of silver-modified graphene oxide. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2011;21(10):3350-2.

DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02806a

[9] Lee DW, Yoo BR. Advanced silica/polymer composites: Materials and applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2016;38:1-12.

[10] Jong L. Synergistic effect of calcium carbonate and biobased particles for rubber reinforcement and comparison to silica reinforced rubber. Journal of Composites Science. 2020;4(3):113.

DOI: 10.3390/jcs4030113

[11] Ahmed W, Siraj S, Al-Marzouqi AH. Embracing Additive Manufacturing Technology through Fused Filament Fabrication for Antibacterial with Enhanced Formulated Materials. Polymers. 2021;13(9):1523.

DOI: 10.3390/polym13091523

[12] Furka S, Furka D, Dadi NCTCT, Palacka P, Hromníková D, Santana JAD, et al. Novel antibacterial materials designed for the 3D Printing of medical devices used during the COVID-19 crisis. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2021.

DOI: 10.1108/rpj-09-2020-0219

[13] Novak JI, Loy J. A critical review of initial 3D printed products responding to COVID-19 health and supply chain challenges. Emerald Open Research. 2020;2.

DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13697.1

[14] Zuniga JM, Carson AM, Peck JM, Kalina T, Srivastava RM, Peck K. The development of a low-cost three-dimensional printed shoulder, arm, and hand prostheses for children. Prosthetics and orthotics international. 2017;41(2):205-9.

DOI: 10.1177/0309364616640947

[15] Abu TM, Zahan KA, Rajaie MA, Leong CR, Ab Rashid S, Hamin NSMN, et al. Nanocellulose as drug delivery system for honey as antibacterial wound dressing. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020;31:14-7.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.076

[16] Kahlmeter G, Giske CG, Kirn TJ, Sharp SE. Point-counterpoint: differences between the European Committee on Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations for reporting antibacterial susceptibility results. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2019;57(9):e01129-19.

DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01129-19

[17] Moradi M, Kousheh SA, Razavi R, Rasouli Y, Ghorbani M, Divsalar E, et al. Review of microbiological methods for testing protein and carbohydrate-based antibacterial food packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021;111:595-609.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.007

[18] Villapún VM, Dover LG, Cross A, González S. Antibacterial metallic touch surfaces. Materials. 2016;9(9):736.

DOI: 10.3390/ma9090736

[19] Perez-Gavilan A, de Castro JV, Arana A, Merino S, Retolaza A, Alves SA, et al. Antibacterial activity testing methods for hydrophobic patterned surfaces. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-10.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85995-9

[20] Chan SP, Lim DS, Armugam A, Yi G, Zhang Y. Soft Surface Nanostructure with Semi-Free Polyionic Components for Sustainable Antibacterial Plastic. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(22):12315.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212315

[21] Calovi M, Furlan B, Coroneo V, Massidda O, Rossi S. Facile Route to Effective Antibacterial Aluminum Oxide Layer Realized by Co-Deposition with Silver Nitrate. Coatings. 2022;12(1):28.

DOI: 10.3390/coatings12010028

[22] Terry S, Fidan I, Tantawi K. Preliminary investigation into metal-material extrusion. Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 2021;6(1):133-41.

DOI: 10.1007/s40964-020-00151-5

[23] Gong H, Snelling D, Kardel K, Carrano A. Comparison of stainless steel 316L parts made by FDM-and SLM-based additive manufacturing processes. Jom. 2019;71(3):880-5.

DOI: 10.1007/s11837-018-3207-3

[24] Gante Lokesha Renukaradhya K. Metal Filament 3D Printing of SS316L: Focusing on the printing process. 2019.

[25] Lu H. Preliminary Mechanical Characterization of the Low-Cost Metal 3D Printing: Tennessee Technological University; 2020.

[26] ltimaker cura software prepares two million print jobs per week. (2020). Manufacturing Engineering, 164(7).

[27] Goda ES, Elella MHA, Sohail M, Singu BS, Pandit B, El Shafey A, et al. N-methylene phosphonic acid chitosan/graphene sheets decorated with silver nanoparticles as green antibacterial agents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021;182:680-8.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.024

[28] Wei F, Li J, Dong C, Bi Y, Han X. Plasmonic Ag decorated graphitic carbon nitride sheets with enhanced visible-light response for photocatalytic water disinfection and organic pollutant removal. Chemosphere. 2020;242:125201.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125201

[29] Campden, Chorleywood Food Research A. Manual of microbiological methods for the food and drink industry. Chipping Campden [England]: Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association; 2007.

DOI: 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.249900

[30] Pandey M, Wasnik K, Gupta S, Singh M, Patra S, Gupta P, et al. Targeted specific inhibition of bacterial and Candida species by mesoporous Ag/Sn–SnO 2 composite nanoparticles: in silico and in vitro investigation. RSC Advances. 2022;12(2):1105-20.

DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07594b

[31] Lou G, Chen Y, Xu J, Qian Y, Cheng H, Wei Z, et al. Preparation of Graphene Oxide-loaded Nickel with Excellent Antibacterial Property by Magnetic Field-Assisted Scanning Jet Electrodeposition. International Journal of Bioprinting. 2022;8(1).

DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v8i1.432