Fatigue Behavior of Medium Entropy Alloys AlCrFe₂Ni₂ and AlCrFe₂Ni₂Mo_0.1 - A Comparison with Super Duplex Steel 1.4517

Abstract:

In the present study the notched fatigue behavior of two multi-phase medium entropy alloys (MEAs) AlCrFe₂Ni₂ and AlCrFe₂Ni₂Mo_0.1 was characterized by three-point-bending (3-PB), along with a super-duplex steel 1.4517 as a reference material. An analytical approach for characterizing the fatigue notch factor (k_f), based on grain size analysis in combination with finite element modelling (FEM) was used, relating the theory of critical distances (TCD) to the grain size of the material. To validate the approach, for the reference steel, the fatigue notch factor was also determined experimentally by comparing the fatigue behavior of notched and smooth specimens, resulting in an experimentally determined fatigue notch factor (k_f) ~ 1.07. The numerically and analytically estimated notch effects increase with decreasing average grain size and vary between ~ 1.07 for the coarse-grained reference material – in very good agreement with the experimental results – and ~ 1.35 for the much more fine-grained AlCrFe₂Ni₂Mo_0.1 medium entropy alloy. Note that these values are significantly lower than the stress concentration factor (k_t) ~ 1.58, associated with the notch geometry. Fatigue endurance limits were measured at a fatigue stress ratio R ~ 0.1 (unidirectional stress), but were converted to fatigue amplitudes at R = -1 (σ_{a, R-1}, fully reversed stress), to be able to make due comparisons with available literature data, by using the elliptical relationship. The resulting fatigue endurance limit amplitudes for specimens surviving at least 2E+06 cycles for a minimum of three tested samples and including notch effects are σ_{a, R-1} ~ 508 MPa for the AlCrFe₂Ni₂ alloy, σ_{a, R-1} ~ 540 MPa for the AlCrFe₂Ni₂Mo_0.1 alloy modification and σ_{a, R-1} ~ 400 MPa for the reference super-duplex steel, putting the analyzed MEAs into a very competitive position compared to Cobalt containing multi-phase high or medium entropy alloys as well as commercially available steels.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1121)
• Pages: 61-81
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-w0F1CK
• Online since: May 2024
• Authors: Susanne Hemes*, Sergej Gein, Niloofar Navaeilavasani, Ulrike Hecht
• Keywords: Fatigue Behavior, Finite Element Method (FEM), Medium Entropy Alloys (MEA), Microstructural Characterization, Notch Effects, S-N Curves, Theory of Critical Distance (TCD)

References

[1] J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, S.J. Lin, J.Y. Gan, T.S. Chin, T.T. Shun, C.H. Tsau, S.Y. Chang, Nanostructured High-Entropy Alloys with Multiple Principal Elements: Novel Alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 (2004) 299–303. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1002/adem.200300567

[2] B. Cantor, I.T.H. Chang, P. Knight, A.J.B. Vincent, Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 375–377 (2004) 213–218. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257

[3] E.P. George, D. Raabe, R.O. Ritchie, High-entropy alloys, Nat. Rev. Mater. 4 (2019) 515–534.

DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0121-4

[4] O.N. Senkov, J.M. Scott, S. V. Senkova, D.B. Miracle, C.F. Woodward, Microstructure and room temperature properties of a high-entropy TaNbHfZrTi alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) 6043–6048.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.02.171

[5] M.H. Chuang, M.H. Tsai, W.R. Wang, S.J. Lin, J.W. Yeh, Microstructure and wear behavior of AlxCo 1.5CrFeNi1.5Tiy high-entropy alloys, Acta Mater. 59 (2011) 6308–6317.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.06.041

[6] M. Chen, X.H. Shi, H. Yang, P.K. Liaw, M.C. Gao, J.A. Hawk, J. Qiao, Wear behavior of Al0.6CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys: Effect of environments, J. Mater. Res. 33 (2018) 3310–3320.

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.279

[7] P.Y. Chen, C. Lee, S.Y. Wang, M. Seifi, J.J. Lewandowski, K.A. Dahmen, H.L. Jia, X. Xie, B.L. Chen, J.W. Yeh, C.W. Tsai, T. Yuan, P.K. Liaw, Fatigue behavior of high-entropy alloys: A review, Sci. China Technol. Sci. 61(2018)168-178.

DOI: 10.1007/s11431-017-9137-4

[8] W. Li, S. Chen, P.K. Liaw, Discovery and design of fatigue-resistant high-entropy alloys, Scr. Mater. 187 (2020) 68–75.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.05.047

[9] R. Feng, K. An, P.K. Liaw, Fatigue Behavior and Mechanisms of High-Entropy Alloys, High Entropy Alloy. Mater. (2022).

DOI: 10.1007/s44210-022-00008-2

[10] S. Chen, X. Fan, B. Steingrimsson, Q. Xiong, W. Li, P.K. Liaw, Fatigue dataset of high-entropy alloys, Sci. Data. 9 (2022) 3–10.

DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01368-5

[11] W. Li, G. Wang, S. Wu, P.K. Liaw, Creep, fatigue, and fracture behavior of high-entropy alloys, J. Mater. Res. 33 (2018) 3011–3034.

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.191

[12] M.C. Gao, J.-W. Yeh, P.K. Liaw, Y. Zhang, eds., High-Entropy Alloys, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27013-5

[13] Y. Lu, X. Gao, L. Jiang, Z. Chen, T. Wang, J. Jie, H. Kang, Y. Zhang, S. Guo, H. Ruan, Y. Zhao, Z. Cao, T. Li, Directly cast bulk eutectic and near-eutectic high entropy alloys with balanced strength and ductility in a wide temperature range, Acta Mater. 124 (2017) 143–150.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.11.016

[14] Y. Zhou, D. Zhou, X. Jin, L. Zhang, X. Du, B. Li, Design of non-equiatomic medium-entropy alloys, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 1–9.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19449-0

[15] U. Hecht, S. Guo, M.L. Weaver, Editorial: Dual-Phase Materials in the Medium and High Entropy Alloy Systems Al-Cr-Fe-Ni and Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni, Front. Mater. 8 (2021) 8–10.

DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2021.718788

[16] Y. Dong, X. Gao, Y. Lu, T. Wang, T. Li, A multi-component AlCrFe2Ni2 alloy with excellent mechanical properties, Mater. Lett. 169 (2016) 62–64.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.01.096

[17] S. Gein, V.T. Witusiewicz, U. Hecht, The Influence of Mo Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlCrFe2Ni2 Medium Entropy Alloys, Front. Mater. 7 (2020).

DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2020.00296

[18] G.B. Olson, R. Chait, M. Azrin, R.A. Gagne, Fatigue Strength of Trip Steels, Watertown, MA, 1979. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA078592.

[19] K. Liu, S.S. Nene, M. Frank, S. Sinha, R.S. Mishra, Metastability-assisted fatigue behavior in a friction stir processed dual-phase high entropy alloy, Mater. Res. Lett. 6 (2018) 613–619.

DOI: 10.1080/21663831.2018.1523240

[20] K. Liu, S.S. Nene, M. Frank, S. Sinha, R.S. Mishra, Extremely high fatigue resistance in an ultrafine grained high entropy alloy, Appl. Mater. Today. 15 (2019) 525–530. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2019.04.001

[21] S. Shukla, T. Wang, S. Cotton, R.S. Mishra, Hierarchical microstructure for improved fatigue properties in a eutectic high entropy alloy, Scr. Mater. 156 (2018) 105–109.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.07.022

[22] K. Liu, M. Komarasamy, B. Gwalani, S. Shukla, R.S. Mishra, Fatigue behavior of ultrafine grained triplex Al0.3CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy, Scr. Mater. 158 (2019) 116–120.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.08.048

[23] R. Feng, Y. Rao, C. Liu, X. Xie, D. Yu, Y. Chen, M. Ghazisaeidi, T. Ungar, H. Wang, K. An, P.K. Liaw, Enhancing fatigue life by ductile-transformable multicomponent B2 precipitates in a high-entropy alloy, Nat. Commun. 12(2021) 1-10.

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23689-6

[24] M.A. Hemphill, T. Yuan, G.Y. Wang, J.W. Yeh, C.W. Tsai, A. Chuang, P.K. Liaw, Fatigue behavior of Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloys, Acta Mater. 60 (2012) 5723–5734.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.06.046

[25] K.V.S. Thurston, B. Gludovatz, A. Hohenwarter, G. Laplanche, E.P. George, R.O. Ritchie, Effect of temperature on the fatigue-crack growth behavior of the high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi, Intermetallics 88 (2017) 65–72.

DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.05.009

[26] J. Ding, Q. Yu, M. Asta, R.O. Ritchie, Tunable stacking fault energies by tailoring local chemical order in CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115 (2018) 8919–8924.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808660115

[27] X. Wang, W. Bai, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Ren, Enhanced fatigue resistance of a face-centered-cubic single-phase Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy through planar deformation characteristic, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 862 (2023) 144499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022. 144499.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144499

[28] W. Li, X. Long, S. Huang, Q. Fang, C. Jiang, Elevated fatigue crack growth resistance of Mo alloyed CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys, Eng. Fract. Mech. 218 (2019) 106579.

DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106579

[29] J.-P.Zou, X.-M. Luo, B. Zhang, Y.-W. Luo, H.-L. Chen, F. Liang, G.-P. Zhang, Enhancing bending fatigue resistance of the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy thin foils by Al addition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 831 (2022) 142281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea. 2021.142281.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.142281

[30] D. Taylor, The theory of critical distances: A history and a new definition, Struct. Durab. Heal. Monit. SDHM. 2 (2006) 1–10.

[31] H. Neuber, Kerbspannungslehre, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1958.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53069-2

[32] R.E. Peterson, Notch Sensitivity, in: G. Sines, J.L. Waisman (Eds.), Metal Fatigue, McGraw Hill, New York, 1959: p.293–306.

[33] P. Lukáš, M. Klesnil, Fatigue limit of notched bodies, Mater. Sci. Eng. 34 (1978) 61–66. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/0025-5416(78)90009-5

[34] M.H. El Haddad, T.H. Topper, K.N. Smith, Prediction of non-propagating cracks, Eng. Fract. Mech. 11 (1979) 573–584.

DOI: 10.1016/0013-7944(79)90081-X

[35] R.A. Smith, K.J. Miller, Prediction of fatigue regimes in notched components, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 20 (1978) 201–206.

DOI: 10.1016/0020-7403(78)90082-6

[36] M.M.I. Hammouda, R.A. Smith, K.J. Miller, Elastic‐Plastic Fracture Mechanics for Initiation and Propagation of Notch Fatigue Cracks, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2 (1979) 139–154.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.1979.tb01350.x

[37] B. Atzori, P. Lazzarin, Notch Sensitivity and Defect Sensitivity under Fatigue Loading: Two Sides of the Same Medal, Int. J. Fract. 107 (2001) 1–8.

DOI: 10.1023/A:1007686727207

[38] G. Nicoletto, A novel test method for the fatigue characterization of metal powder bed fused alloys, Procedia Struct. Integr. 7 (2017) 67–74.

DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2017.11.062

[39] P. Lorenzino, A. Navarro, Grain size effects on notch sensitivity, Int. J. Fatigue, 70 (2015) 205-215. ISSN 0142-1123.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.09.012

[40] Z. Tang, T. Yuan, C.W. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, C.D. Lundin, P.K. Liaw, Fatigue behavior of a wrought Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi two-phase high-entropy alloy, Acta Mater. 99 (2015) 247–258.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.07.004

[41] K. Liu, B. Gwalani, M. Komarasamy, S. Shukla, T. Wang, R.S. Mishra, Effect of nano-sized precipitates on the fatigue property of a lamellar structured high entropy alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 760 (2019) 225–230.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.06.012

[42] P.K. Liaw, S. Chen, K.-K. Tseng, J.-W. Yeh, T. Liu, F. Meng, Remarkable High-Cycle Fatigue Resistance of the TiZrNbHfTa High-Entropy Alloy and Associated Mechanisms, SSRN Electron. J. (2020). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3708710.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3708757

[43] B. Guennec, V. Kentheswaran, L. Perrière, A. Ueno, I. Guillot, J.P. Couzinié, G. Dirras, Four-point bending fatigue behavior of an equimolar BCC HfNbTaTiZr high-entropy alloy: Macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints, Mater. 4 (2018) 348–360.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2018.09.040

[44] K. Suzuki, M. Koyama, S. Hamada, K. Tsuzaki, H. Noguchi, Planar slip-driven fatigue crack initiation and propagation in an equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy, Int. J. Fatigue. 133 (2020) 105418.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105418

[45] K. Suzuki, M. Koyama, H. Noguchi, Small fatigue crack growth in a high entropy alloy, Procedia Struct. Integr. 13 (2018) 1065–1070.

DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.224

[46] G.T. Lee, J.W. Won, K.R. Lim, M. Kang, H.J. Kwon, Y.S. Na, Y.S. Choi, Effect of Microstructural Features on the High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloys Deformed at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures, Met. Mater. Int. 27 (2021) 593–602.

DOI: 10.1007/s12540-020-00786-7

[47] U. Hecht, S. Gein, O. Stryzhyboroda, E. Eshed, S. Osovski, The BCC-FCC Phase Transformation Pathways and Crystal Orientation Relationships in Dual Phase Materials From Al-(Co)-Cr-Fe-Ni Alloys, Front. Mater. 7 (2020) 1–11.

DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2020.00287

[48] J.D. Fritz, Heat treating of austenitic and duplex stainless steels, in: J.L. Dossett, G.E. Totten, Heat Treating of Irons and Steels, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2014.

DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.9781627081689

[49] N. Llorca-Isern, I. López-Jiménez, H. López-Luque, M.V. Biezma, A. Roca, Study of the precipitation of secondary phases in duplex and superduplex stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Forum 879 (2017), 2537–2542.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2537

[50] J. Schindelin, I. Arganda-Carreras, E. Frise, V. Kaynig, M. Longair, T. Pietzsch, A. Cardona, Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nature Methods 9(7) (2012), 676–682.

DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2019

[51] W.C. Oliver, G.M. Pharr, Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology, J. Mater. Res. 19 (2004) 3–20.

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.3

[52] G.M.P. W.C. Oliver, An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments, J. Mater. 7 (1992) 1564–1583.

DOI: 10.1557/JMR.1992.1564

[53] Y. Gorash, D. Mackenzie, On cyclic yield strength in definition of limits for characterisation of fatigue and creep behaviour, Open Eng. 7 (2017) 126–140.

DOI: 10.1515/eng-2017-0019

[54] S.V. Sajadifar, T. Wegener, G.G. Yapici, T. Niendorf, Effect of grain size on the very high cycle fatigue behavior and notch sensitivity of titanium, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 104 (2019) 102362. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.102362

[55] T.Niendorf, J. Dadda, D. Canadinc, H.J. Maier, I. Karaman, Monitoring the fatigue-induced damage evolution in ultrafine-grained interstitial-free steel utilizing digital image correlation, Mater. Sci. Eng.A. 517(2009) 225–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.04. 053.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.04.053

[56] T. Niendorf, D. Canadinc, H.J. Maier, Fatigue Damage Evolution in Ultrafine-Grained Interstitial-Free Steel, Adv. Eng. Mater. 13 (2011) 275–280. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1002/adem.201000272

[57] G.M. Owolabi, R. Prasannavenkatesan, D.L. McDowell, Probabilistic framework for a microstructure-sensitive fatigue notch factor, Int. J. Fatigue. 32 (2010) 1378–1388. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2010.02.003

[58] G. Owolabi, B. Egboiyi, L. Shi, H. Whitworth, Microstructure-dependent fatigue damage process zone and notch sensitivity index, Int. J. Fract. 170 (2011) 159–173.

DOI: 10.1007/s10704-011-9620-z

[59] G. Owolabi, O. Okeyoyin, A. Olasumboye, H. Whitworth, A new approach to estimating the fatigue notch factor of Ti-6Al-4V components, Int. J. Fatigue. 82 (2016) 29–34.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.08.018

[60] J. Papuga, I. Vízková, M. Lutovinov, M. Nesládek, Mean stress effect in stress-life fatigue prediction re-evaluated, MATEC Web Conf. 165 (2018) 10018.

DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201816510018

[61] J. Goodman, Mechanics Applied to Engineering, Longman, Green & Company, London, 1899.

[62] J. Marin, Interpretation of fatigue strengths for combined stresses, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, UK (1956): p.184–195.

[63] J. Schijve, Fatigue Properties, in: J. Schijve (Ed.), Fatigue of Structures and Materials, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2009: p.141–169.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6808-9_6

[64] G. Oh, Y. Akiniwa, Mean and residual stress effects on fatigue behavior in a pre-strained corner of stainless steel sheet, Int. J. Fatigue. 145 (2021) 106125. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.106125

[65] L. Pallarés-Santasmartas, J. Albizuri, A. Avilés, R. Avilés, Mean stress effect on the axial fatigue strength of DIN 34CrNiMo6 quenched and tempered steel, Metals 8 (2018) 1–19.

DOI: 10.3390/met8040213

[66] S. Bhat, V.G. Ukadgaonker, Theoretical methodology for life estimation of ductile notched member under constant amplitude load in high cycle fatigue: A review, Artic. J. Basic Appl. Res. Int. (2016). www.ikpress.org.

[67] A. Turnbull, E.R. De Los Rios, The effect of grain size on the fatigue of commercially pure Aluminium, Fatigue Fract. Engng. Mater. Struct. 18 (1995) 1455-1467.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.1995.tb00868.x

[68] E.O. Hall, The deformation and aging of mild steel: III Discussion results, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, B64 (1951), 747-753.

DOI: 10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/303

[69] N.J. Petch, The cleavage strength of polycrystals, Iron Steel Inst, 174 (1953), 25-28.

[70] M. Mlikota, K. Dogahe, S. Schmauder, Ž. Božić, Influence of the grain size on the fatigue initiation life curve, Int. J. Fatigue. 158 (2022) 106562. https://doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106562