A Brief Review on Fabricating Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor by Electrodeposition Method

Abstract:

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) have the unique ability to manipulate both the spin and charge of electrons simultaneously. This property makes them potentially useful in spintronics and quantum computing, two fields that have attracted prolonged attention. The achievement of ferromagnetism at room temperature and the revelation of the origin of ferromagnetism of DMS pave the way for fabricating this material on an industrial scale. To date, reports of DMS achieving ferromagnetism at room temperature have mostly been carried out using sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and sol-gel method. However, the lack of research reports on electrodeposition techniques for DMS films remains a notable gap in current knowledge. This review focuses on recent progress in fabricating DMS using the electrodeposition method, which is a non-vacuum, simple, and low-cost technique. This review aims to reveal the challenges and opportunities involved in developing this fabrication method. The important properties of DMS films fabricated by electrodeposition, such as their crystal structure, optical properties, morphology, and magnetic properties will be reviewed.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1196)
• Pages: 161-173
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-0IngCz
• Online since: June 2026
• Authors: Marlis Nurut Agusutrisno*, Irma Saraswati, Teguh Firmansyah, Imamul Muttakin, Ahmad Ramadhani, Mohd Khairi
• Keywords: Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor, Electrodeposition, Room Temperature Ferromagnetism, ZnO

References

[1] C Prestgard, M., et al. "Oxides for spintronics: A review of engineered materials for spin injection." Advanced Materials Letters 5.5 (2014): 242-247.

DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2014.amwc1032

[2] Dietl, Tomasz, et al. "Zener model description of ferromagnetism in zinc-blende magnetic semiconductors." science 287.5455 (2000): 1019-1022.

DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5455.1019

[3] Van, L. H., et al. (2008). "Structural and magnetic property of Co-doped–ZnO thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition". Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 449(1-2), 207-209.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.02.114

[4] Zou, C. W., et al. "Defects related room temperature ferromagnetism in p-type (Mn, Li) co-doped ZnO films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering." Applied surface science 256.8 (2010): 2453-2457.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.10.086

[5] Aksu, S., et al. "Influence of the annealing atmosphere on structural, optical and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO microrods." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 44.7-8 (2012): 1244-1249.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2012.01.022

[6] Gu, Hao, et al. "Effect of oxygen deficiency on room temperature ferromagnetism in Co doped ZnO." Applied Physics Letters 100.20 (2012).

DOI: 10.1063/1.4717741

[7] Pearton, S. J., et al. "Dilute magnetic semiconducting oxides." Semiconductor Science and Technology 19.10 (2004): R59.

DOI: 10.1088/0268-1242/19/10/r01

[8] Li, Ying, et al. "Study on the high magnetic field processed ZnO based diluted magnetic semiconductors." Ceramics International 45.16 (2019): 19583-19595.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.011

[9] Pan, F., et al. "Ferromagnetism and possible application in spintronics of transition-metal-doped ZnO films." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 62.1 (2008): 1-35.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2008.04.002

[10] Liu, C., Fi Yun, and H. Morkoc. "Ferromagnetism of ZnO and GaN: a review." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 16.9 (2005): 555-597.

[11] Bhatti, Kanwal Preet, et al. "Intrinsic and extrinsic origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in ZnO: Co (5at.%)." Journal of applied physics 101.10 (2007).

DOI: 10.1063/1.2740343

[12] Salameh, B., A. M. Alsmadi, and M. Shatnawi. "Effects of Co concentration and annealing on the magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO films: Role of oxygen vacancies on the ferromagnetic ordering." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 835 (2020): 155287.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155287

[13] Dietl, Tomasz. "Origin of ferromagnetic response in diluted magnetic semiconductors and oxides." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19.16 (2007): 165204.

DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/16/165204

[14] Tay, Maureen, et al. "Ferromagnetism in inhomogeneous Zn1−xCoxO thin films." Journal of applied physics 100.6 (2006).

[15] Gao, Yang, et al. "Enhancement of electric and magnetic properties by tuning Co cluster in ZnO films via high magnetic field." Applied Surface Science 416 (2017): 521-526.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.134

[16] Beltrán, J. J., C. A. Barrero, and A. Punnoose. "Identifying the sources of ferromagnetism in sol-gel synthesized Zn1− xCoxO (0≤ x≤ 0.10) nanoparticles." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 240 (2016): 30-42.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2016.05.013

[17] Lghazi, Youssef, et al. "Nucleation/growth and optical proprieties of co-doped zno electrodeposited on ito substrate." Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem 12 (2022): 6776-6787.

DOI: 10.33263/briac125.67766787

[18] Cao, Ping, and Yue Bai. "Structural and optical properties of ZnCoO thin film prepared by electrodeposition." Advanced Materials Research 781 (2013): 323-326.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.323

[19] Su, Xueqiong, et al. "Role of cobalt in ZnO: Co thin films." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44.26 (2011): 265002.

[20] Yang, S. G., et al. "Room temperature magnetism in sputtered (Zn, Co) O films." IEEE Transactions on magnetics 38.5 (2002): 2877-2879.

DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2002.803133

[21] Lee, Hyeon-Jun, et al. "Study of diluted magnetic semiconductor: Co-doped ZnO." Applied Physics Letters 81.21 (2002): 4020-4022.

DOI: 10.1063/1.1517405

[22] Sundaram, et al. "XRD structural studies on cobalt doped zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation method: Williamson-Hall and size-strain plot approaches." Physica B: Condensed Matter 595 (2020): 412342.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2020.412342

[23] Kumar, Sudhisht, P. D. Sahare, and Surender Kumar. "Morphological transformations induced by Co impurity in ZnO nanostructures prepared by rf-sputtering and their physical properties." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 29.14 (2018): 11719-11729.

DOI: 10.1007/s10854-018-9270-2

[24] Liu, Xue-Chao, et al. "Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO films." Journal of crystal growth 296.2 (2006): 135-140.

[25] Tabti, Lilia, et al. "Investigation of zinc oxide doped microstructures with cobalt via electrochemical deposition." Physica B: Condensed Matter 690 (2024): 416275.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2024.416275

[26] Gu, Jian-jun, et al. "Annealing effects on structural and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO nanowires synthesized by an electrodeposition process." Journal of alloys and compounds 508.2 (2010): 516-519.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.08.107

[27] Xu, Xiao-Hong, et al. "The dopant concentration and annealing temperature dependence of ferromagnetism in Co-doped ZnO thin films." Applied Surface Science 254.16 (2008): 4956-4960.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.01.164

[28] Li, Xiao-Li, et al. "Enhancement of magnetic moment of Co-doped ZnO films by postannealing in vacuum." Journal of Applied Physics 103.2 (2008).

DOI: 10.1063/1.2832652

[29] Nurut, Agusutrisno Marlis, et al. "Control of magnetic transition of ZnO: Co grown by RF sputter using post-annealing." 2022 International Conference on Informatics Electrical and Electronics (ICIEE). IEEE, 2022.

DOI: 10.1109/iciee55596.2022.10010108

[30] Wikberg, J. Magnus, et al. "Annealing effects on structural and magnetic properties of Co implanted ZnO single crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 109.8 (2011).

DOI: 10.1063/1.3559263

[31] Kicir, Nur, et al. "Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Mn doped ZnO nanoplates synthesized by electrodeposition method." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 237 (2019): 146892.

DOI: 10.1016/j.elspec.2019.146892

[32] Ilyas, Usman, et al. "High temperature ferromagnetic ordering in c-axis oriented ZnO: Mn nanoparticle thin films by tailoring substrate temperature." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 32. The Authors, 2014.

DOI: 10.1142/s201019451460341x

[33] Barick, K. C., et al. "Controlled fabrication of oriented co-doped ZnO clustered nanoassemblies." Journal of colloid and interface science 349.1 (2010): 19-26.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.05.036

[34] Zou, C. W., et al. "Defects related room temperature ferromagnetism in p-type (Mn, Li) co-doped ZnO films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering." Applied surface science 256.8 (2010): 2453-2457.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.10.086

[35] Li, J. H., et al. "Magnetism origin of Mn-doped ZnO nanoclusters." Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 302.1 (2006): 118-121.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.08.025

[36] Ruan, H. B., et al. "Effect of dopant concentration on the structural, electrical and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO films." Thin Solid Films 519.15 (2011): 5078-5081.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.132

[37] Li, Qiang, et al. "Structural and magnetic properties in Mn-doped ZnO films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition." Applied surface science 289 (2014): 42-46.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.10.081

[38] Abid, M., et al. "Formation of ZnO doped with Mn thin film by electrodeposition and magnetic behaviour." MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) 879 (2005): Z7-17.

DOI: 10.1557/proc-879-z7.17

[39] Huang, Xiaohu, et al. "Morphology evolution and CL property of Ni-doped zinc oxide nanostructures with room-temperature ferromagnetism." The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113.11 (2009): 4381-4385.

DOI: 10.1021/jp810790h

[40] Cai, Xiaoyan, et al. "Structural and photocatalytic properties of nickel-doped zinc oxide powders with variable dopant contents." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 74.9 (2013): 1196-1203.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.03.016

[41] Mohapatra, J., et al. "Ni‐doped ZnO: Studies on structural and magnetic properties." physica status solidi (b) 248.6 (2011): 1352-1359.

DOI: 10.1002/pssb.201046513

[42] Rambu, A. P., et al. "Study on Ni-doped ZnO films as gas sensors." Applied Surface Science 280 (2013): 598-604

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.05.033

[43] Elilarassi, R., and G. Chandrasekaran. "Synthesis, structural and optical characterization of Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 22.7 (2011): 751-756.

DOI: 10.1007/s10854-010-0206-8

[44] Bayram, Ozkan, et al. "Investigation of structural, morphological and optical properties of Nickel-doped Zinc oxide thin films fabricated by co-sputtering." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 30.4 (2019): 3452-3458.

DOI: 10.1007/s10854-018-00620-2

[45] Zhao, Jing, et al. "Structure and photocatalytic activity of Ni-doped ZnO nanorods." Materials Research Bulletin 46.8 (2011): 1207-1210.

DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2011.04.008

[46] Cui, J. B., and U. J. Gibson. "Electrodeposition and room temperature ferromagnetic anisotropy of Co and Ni-doped ZnO nanowire arrays." Applied Physics Letters 87.13 (2005).

DOI: 10.1063/1.2058222

[47] Zhang, Yong, Er-Wei Shi, and Zhi-Zhan Chen. "Magnetic properties of different temperature treated Co-and Ni-doped ZnO hollow nanospheres." Materials science in semiconductor processing 13.3 (2010): 132-136.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2010.05.002

[48] Salah, Abeer, Ahmed M. Saad, and Ahmed A. Aboud. "Effect of Co-doping level on physical properties of ZnO thin films." Optical Materials 113 (2021): 110812.

DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2021.110812

[49] Rahal, Abdelghani, et al. "Experimental investigation of structural and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO thin films deposited by pneumatic spray technique." Scientific Reports 15.1 (2025): 7086.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-90425-1

[50] Agusutrisno, Marlis N., et al. "Effect of nanoscale inhomogeneity on blocking temperature of ZnO: Co films fabricated by using nitrogen-mediated crystallization." MRS Advances 9.16 (2024): 1234-1239.

DOI: 10.1557/s43580-024-00907-z

[51] Nakamura, Tensho, et al. "Electrodeposition of Zn-Co-Terephthalate MOF and Its Conversion to Co-Doped ZnO Thin Films." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 10.5 (2021): 057002.

DOI: 10.1149/2162-8777/abfae1

[52] Siddheswaran, R., et al. "Reactive magnetron sputtering of Ni doped ZnO thin film: Investigation of optical, structural, mechanical and magnetic properties." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 636 (2015): 85-92.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.142

[53] Siddheswaran, R., et al. "Structural, morphological, optical and magnetic properties of RF sputtered Co doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor for spintronic applications." Applied Physics A 125.9 (2019): 592.

DOI: 10.1007/s00339-019-2886-0

[54] Aravind, Arun, et al. "Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Mn doped ZnO thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition." Materials science and Engineering: B 177.13 (2012): 1017-1022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2012.05.005

[55] Liu, Xiaoxue, et al. "Doping concentration dependence of room-temperature ferromagnetism for Ni-doped ZnO thin films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition." Applied Physics Letters 88.6 (2006).

DOI: 10.1063/1.2170420

[56] Shishodia, P. K. "Effect of cobalt doping on ZnO thin films deposited by sol-gel method." Thin Solid Films 612 (2016): 55-60.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.05.028

[57] Srinet, Gunjan, et al. "Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Zn1− xCoxO prepared by the sol–gel route." Ceramics International 39.6 (2013): 6077-6085.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.01.025

[58] Agusutrisno, M. N., et al. "Control of inhomogeneity and magnetic properties of ZnO: Co films grown by magnetron sputtering using nitrogen." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 162 (2023): 107503.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107503

[59] Chithira, P. R., and Teny Theresa John. "Correlation among oxygen vacancy and doping concentration in controlling the properties of cobalt doped ZnO nanoparticles." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 496 (2020): 165928.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165928

[60] Simimol, A., et al. "Enhanced room temperature ferromagnetism in electrodeposited Co-doped ZnO nanostructured thin films by controlling the oxygen vacancy defects." Journal of Applied Physics 117.21 (2015).

DOI: 10.1063/1.4922050

[61] Awan, Saif Ullah, et al. "Correlation between structural, electrical, dielectric and magnetic properties of semiconducting Co doped and (Co, Li) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles for spintronics applications." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 103 (2018): 110-121.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2018.05.013

[62] Coey, J. M. D., M. Venkatesan, and Hongjun Xu. "Introduction to magnetic oxides." Functional metal oxides: New science and novel applications (2013): 1-49.

DOI: 10.1002/9783527654864.ch1

[63] Aksu, S., et al. "Influence of the annealing atmosphere on structural, optical and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO microrods." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 44.7-8 (2012): 1244-1249.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2012.01.022

[64] Huang, Bao, Deliang Zhu, and Xiaocui Ma. "Great influence of the oxygen vacancies on the ferromagnetism in the Co-doped ZnO films." Applied surface science 253.16 (2007): 6892-6895.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.014

[65] Zou, C. W., et al. "Ferromagnetism and ferroelectric properties of (Mn, Li) co-doped ZnO nanorods arrays deposited by electrodeposition." Journal of Crystal Growth 331.1 (2011): 44-48.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.06.039

[66] Diaconu, M., et al. "Room-temperature ferromagnetic Mn-alloyed ZnO films obtained by pulsed laser deposition." Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 307.2 (2006): 212-221.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.04.004

[67] Ali, Nasir, et al. "Ferromagnetism in Mn-doped ZnO: a joint theoretical and experimental study." The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125.14 (2021): 7734-7745.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08407

[68] Robkhob, Prissana, I-Ming Tang, and Sirikanjana Thongmee. "Increased bound magnetic polaron formation in the dilute magnetic semiconductor Zn1-xNixO." Materials Science and Engineering: B 260 (2020): 114644.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2020.114644

[69] Liu, X. J., et al. "Intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in Ni-doped ZnO films." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42.3 (2009): 035004.

DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/42/3/035004

[70] Fabbiyola, S., et al. "Optical and magnetic properties of Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 694 (2017): 522-531.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.022

[71] Kumar, Santosh, et al. "Spin-polarized room temperature ferromagnetism in co-doped ZnO synthesized by electrodeposition." Chinese Journal of Physics 73 (2021): 622-633.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cjph.2021.08.012

[72] Al-Salman, Husam S., and M. J. Abdullah. "Effect of Co-doping on the structure and optical properties of ZnO nanostructure prepared by RF-magnetron sputtering." Superlattices and Microstructures 60 (2013): 349-357.

DOI: 10.1016/j.spmi.2013.04.027

[73] Wang, Li-wei, et al. "Structure, optical, and magnetic properties of Mn-doped ZnO films prepared by sputtering." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 17.4 (2010): 475-480.

DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0344-2

[74] Nurut, Agusutrisno Marlis, et al. "Pengaruh Medan Magnet Terhadap Morfologi Permukaan Lapisan Tipis yang Difabrikasi Melalui Elektrodeposisi-Mini Review." Setrum: Sistem Kendali-Tenaga-elektronika-telekomunikasi-komputer 14.2 (2025): 178-190.

DOI: 10.36055/setrum.v2i1.233

[75] Ngaloy, Roselle, et al. "Deterministic spin-orbit torque switching of epitaxial ferrimagnetic insulator with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy fabricated by on-axis magnetron sputtering." npj Spintronics 3.1 (2025): 40.

DOI: 10.1038/s44306-025-00105-z

[76] Agusutrisno, Marlis N., et al. "Large-scale fabrication of thulium iron garnet film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy using RF magnetron sputtering." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 63.7 (2024): 07SP06.

DOI: 10.35848/1347-4065/ad5aff

[77] Agusutrisno, Marlis Nurut, et al. "On-axis sputtering fabrication of Tm3Fe5O12 film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy." Thin Solid Films 788 (2024): 140176.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2023.140176

[78] Zheng, P. Y., et al. "Surface roughness dependence of the electrical resistivity of W (001) layers." Journal of Applied Physics 122.9 (2017).

[79] Al-Qawasmeh, Ahmad, et al. "Surface roughness effects on magnetic properties of thin films: A computational Monte Carlo study." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 562 (2022): 169734.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169734

[80] Jaiswal, Jyoti, et al. "Enhanced optical absorbance of hydrophobic Ti thin film: role of surface roughness." Advanced Materials Letters 7.6 (2016): 485-490.

DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2016.6056

[81] Karzazi, O., et al. "Structural, optical and magnetic properties of pulsed laser deposited Co-doped ZnO films." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 395 (2015): 28-33.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.07.030

[82] Kumar, Y., et al. "Morphological transformations in cobalt doped zinc oxide nanostructures: Effect of doping concentration." Ceramics International 42.4 (2016): 5184-5194.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.12.041

[83] Simimol, A., Aji A. Anappara, and Harish C. Barshilia. "Influence of defects on electrical properties of electrodeposited co-doped ZnO nanocoatings." Materials Research Express 4.1 (2017): 015001.

DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa5135

[84] Sedky, A., et al. "Structural, optical, photoluminescence and magnetic investigation of doped and Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles." Optical and Quantum Electronics 55.5 (2023): 456.

DOI: 10.1007/s11082-023-04718-8

[85] Yamamoto, Sekika. "Photoluminescence quenching in cobalt doped ZnO nanocrystals." Journal of Applied Physics 111.9 (2012).

DOI: 10.1063/1.4710533

[86] Ji, Hongfen, et al. "Structure, photoluminescence, and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 29.15 (2018): 12917-12926.

DOI: 10.1007/s10854-018-9411-7

[87] Thandavan, Tamil Many K., et al. "Photoluminescence properties of un-doped and Mn-doped ZnO nanostructures." Materials Express 4.6 (2014): 475-482.

DOI: 10.1166/mex.2014.1193

[88] Othman, A. A., et al. "Mn-doped ZnO nanocrystals synthesized by sonochemical method: structural, photoluminescence, and magnetic properties." Materials Science and Engineering: B 219 (2017): 1-9.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2017.02.013

[89] Mazhdi, M., et al. "A study on optical, photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of ZnO and Mn doped-ZnO nanocrystalline particles." Optik 124.20 (2013): 4128-4133.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.068

[90] Kumar, Raju, et al. "Defect induced room-temperature ferromagnetism and enhanced photocatalytic activity in Ni-doped ZnO synthesized by electrodeposition." Chinese Physics B 29.10 (2020): 108503.

DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab9c0c

[91] Guruvammal, D., S. Selvaraj, and S. Meenakshi Sundar. "Effect of Ni-doping on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles by solvothermal method." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 682 (2016): 850-855.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.05.038

[92] Gao, Qianqian, et al. "Enhanced gas-sensitivity and ferromagnetism performances by the Ni-doping induced oxygen vacancies in (Mn, Ni) codoped ZnO nanorods." Applied Surface Science 490 (2019): 178-187.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.014

[93] Pal, Bappaditya, D. Sarkar, and P. K. Giri. "Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles: Correlation of magnetic moment with defect density." Applied Surface Science 356 (2015): 804-811.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.163

[94] Chithira, P. R., and Teny Theresa John. "Defect and dopant induced room temperature ferromagnetism in Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 766 (2018): 572-583.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.336