Review on Different Types of Geopolymer Concrete Fibres

Abstract:

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) has been used over the than hundred years for material construction especially as a binder in production of concrete. However, there are a few disadvantages with the using of OPC that have been found especially in terms of properties and green house effect. This paper reviews the potential of an alternative binder material with no cement usage (cementless) called as “geopolymer”. The history of the development geopolymer will be described. Different types of base materials used in the formation of geopolymer will be explained in details. The influence of different types of fibres to the mechanical properties especially compressive strength and flexural strength were explained well.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 857)
• Pages: 388-394
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.857.388
• Online since: May 2016
• Authors: Meor Ahmad Faris, A.M. Mustafa Al Bakri, Khairul Nizar Ismail, Ratnasamy MUniandy, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Hussin Kamarudin, Mien Van Tran
• Keywords: Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Geopolymer, Glass Fibre, Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibre, Polyvinyl Chloride Fibre, Steel Fiber

References

[1] W. C. Association, Coal & Electricity, (2015).

[2] I. E. Agency, Case Studies in Sustainable Development in theCoal Industry, France, (2006).

[3] A. Hutagi, R. B. Khadiranaikar, and R. Shemblle, A Study on Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete, Journal of Civil Engineering Technology and Research, vol. 2, pp.15-22, (2014).

[4] P. Duxson and J. L. Provis, Low CO2 concrete: Are we making any progress?, BEDP environment design guide Royal Australian Institute of Architects (2008).

[5] F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. Castro-Gomes, and S. Jalali, Alkali-activated binders: A review: Part 1. Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 22, pp.1305-1314, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015

[6] E. Benhelal, G. Zahedi, E. Shamsaei, and A. Bahadori, Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 51, pp.142-161, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.049

[7] Rangan B. V, Low calcium flyash based geopolymer concrete. New York: CRC Press; , (2007).

[8] Shaikh and F. U. Ahmed, Review of mechanical properties of short fibre reinforced geopolymer composites, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 43, pp.37-49, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.026

[9] A. Natali, S. Manzia, and M. C. Bignozzia, Novel fiber-reinforced composite materials based on sustainable geopolymer matrix, Procedia Engineering vol. 21, pp.1124-1131, (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2120

[10] M. Salmana, Ö. Cizer, Y. Pontikes, R. Snellings, L. Vandewalle, B. Blanpain, and K. V. Balen, Cementitious binders from activated stainless steel refining slag andthe effect of alkali solutions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 286 p.211–219, (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.046

[11] D. M. Sadek, Effect of cooling technique of blast furnace slag on the thermal behavior of solid cement bricks, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 79, pp.134-141, (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.033

[12] J. Garcia, L. Perez, A. Gorokhovsky, and L. Zamorano, Coarse blast furnace slag as a cementitious material, comparative study as a partial replacement of portland cement and as an alkali activated cement. , Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 23, pp.2511-2517, (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.002

[13] H. Oss, Iron and Steel Slag, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, pp.82-83, (2013).

[14] J. Davidovits, Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications, Institut Géopolymère, Saint-Quentin, (2008).

[15] J. Davidovits, The need to create a new technical language for the transfer of basic scientifi c information. In: Gibb, J.M., Nicolay, D. (eds. ) Transfer and Exploitation of Scientifi c and Technical Information, EUR 7716, p.316–320. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg , (1982).

[16] Q. Li, H. Xu, F. Li, P. Li, L. Shen, and J. P. Zhai, Synthesis of geopolymer composites from blends of CFBC fly and bottom ashes, Fuel, vol. 97, p.366–372, (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.02.059

[17] J. Temuujin, A. v. Riessen, and K. J. D. Mackenzie, Preparation and characterisation of fly ash based geopolymer mortars, Constr. Build Mater., vol. 24, p.1906–1910, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.012

[18] B. Nematollahi, J. Sanjayan, and F. U. A. Shaikh, Synthesis of heat and ambient cured one-part geopolymer mixes with different grades of sodium silicate, Ceramics International, (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.12.154

[19] B. A. Fillenwarth and S. M. L. Sastry, Development of a predictive optimization model for the compressive strength of sodium activated fly ash based geopolymer pastes, Fuel, vol. 147, pp.141-146, (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.029

[20] P. K. Sarker, S. Kelly, and Z. Yao, Effect of fire exposure on cracking, spalling and residual strength of fly ash geopolymer concrete, Materials & Design, vol. 63, pp.584-592, (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.059

[21] R. E. Davis, R. W. Carlson, J. W. Kelly, and H. E. Davis, Properties of cements and concretes containing fl y ash, J. Am. Concr. Inst, vol. 33, pp.577-612, (1937).

[22] A. R. Sakulich, Reinforced geopolymer composites for enhanced material greenness and durability, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 1, pp.195-210, (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2011.07.009

[23] M. Ahmaruzzaman, A review on the utilization of fly ash, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 36, pp.327-363, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003

[24] M. Drechsler and A. Graham, Geopolymers- an innovative materials technology bringing resource sustainability to construction and mining industries, Proceedings of the IQA Annual Conference, p.12–15, (2005).

[25] S. Kumar, R. Kumar, T. C. Alex, A. Bandopadhyay, and S. P. Mehrotra, Influence of reactivity of fly ash on geopolymerisation, Adv. Appl. Ceram, vol. 106, pp.120-127, (2007).

DOI: 10.1179/174367607x159293

[26] R. Kumar, S. Kumar, and S. P. Mehrotra, Towards sustainable solutions for fly ash through mechanical activation , Resour. Conserv. Recycl, vol. 52, pp.157-179, (2007).

DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.007

[27] X. Fu, Q. Li, J. Zhai, G. Sheng, and F. Li, The physical–chemical characterization of mechanically-treated CFBC fly ash, Cem. Concr. Compos, vol. 30, pp.220-226, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.08.006

[28] D. Hardjito, S. E. Wallah, D. M. Sumajouw, and B. V. Rangan, On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, ACI Mater. J, vol. 101, pp.467-472, (2004).

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-006-0523-8

[29] S. E. Wallah and B. V. Rangan, Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Long-Term Properties. Research Report-GC2, Curtin University, Australia, pp.76-80, (2006).

[30] R. A. A. B. Santa, A. M. Bernardin, H. G. Riella, and N. C. Kuhnen, Geopolymer synthesized from bottom coal ash and calcined paper sludge, J. Clean. Prod, vol. 57, pp.302-307, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.017

[31] B. Tempest, O. Sanusi, J. Gergely, V. Ogunro, and D. Weggel, Compressive strength and embodied energy optimization of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. In: Paper presented at the world of coal ash (WOCA)conference., (2009).

DOI: 10.1061/41165(397)135

[32] J. Kaufmann, J. Lubben, and E. Schwitter, Mechanical reinforcement of concrete with bi-component fibers, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 38, pp.1975-1984, (2007).

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.05.006

[33] A. Peyvandi, P. Soroushian, and S. Jahangirnejad, Enhancement of the structural efficiency and performance of concrete pipes through fiber reinforcement, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 45, pp.36-44, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.084

[34] Z. Yunsheng, S. Wei, L. Zongjin, Z. Xiangming, Eddie, and C. Chungkong, Impact properties of geopolymer based extrudates incorporated with fly ash and PVA short fiber, Construction and Building Materials vol. 22, p.370–383, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.006

[35] S. T. Tassew and A. S. Lubell, Mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced ceramic concrete, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 51, pp.215-224, (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.046

[36] T. M. Borhan, Properties of glass concrete reinforced with short basalt fibre, Materials & Design, vol. 42, pp.265-271, (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.062

[37] E. Cuenca, J. Echegaray-Oviedo, and P. Serna, Influence of concrete matrix and type of fiber on the shear behavior of self-compacting fiber reinforced concrete beams, Composites Part B, vol. 75, pp.135-147, (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.037

[38] E. Cuenca and P. Serna, Shear behavior of prestressed precast beams made of selfcompacting fiber reinforced concrete, Construction Building Material vol. 45, pp.145-156, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.096

[39] K. Kim, D. Lee, J. Hwang, and D. Kuchma, Shear behavior model for steel fiberreinforced concrete members without transverse reinforcements, Composite Part B, vol. 43, pp.2324-2334, (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.064

[40] G. Tiberti, F. Minelli, G. Plizzari, and F. Vecchio, Influence of concrete strength on crack development in SFRC members, Cemical Concrete Composite, vol. 45, pp.176-185, (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.004

[41] C. Chalioris, Analytical approach for the evaluation of minimum fibre factor required for steel fibrous concrete beams under combined shear and flexure, Constrion Building Material vol. 43, pp.317-336, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.039

[42] P. Soroushian and Z. Bayasi, Fiber-type effects on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete, ACI Material J vol. 88, pp.129-134, (1991).

DOI: 10.14359/1883

[43] E. Cuenca and P. Serna, Shear behavior of self-compacting concrete and fiberreinforced concrete push-off specimens., in Design, production and placement of self-consolidating concrete. RILEM Bookseries. vol. 1, K. Khayat and D. Feys, Eds. Netherlands: Springer, 2010, pp.429-438.

DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9664-7_36

[44] E. Cuenca and P. F. Serna, Failure modes and shear design of prestressed hollow core slabs made of fiber-reinforced concrete, Composite Part B: Engineering, vol. 45, pp.952-964, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.005

[45] T. Uygunog˘lu, Investigation of microstructure and flexural behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete., Material Structure, vol. 41, pp.1441-1449, (2008).

DOI: 10.1617/s11527-007-9341-y

[46] Jiuru T, Chaobin H, Kaijian Y, and Y. Y, Seismic behaviour and shear strength of framed joint using steel–fiber reinforced concrete, Journal Structuce Engineering, vol. 118, pp.341-358, (1992).

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1992)118:2(341)

[47] S. Wei, G. Jianming, and Y. Yun, Study of the fatigue performance and damage mechanism of steel fiber reinforced concrete, ACI Material J, vol. 93, pp.206-2012, (1996).

DOI: 10.14359/9804

[48] W. Yin and T. Hsu, Fatigue behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete in uniaxial and biaxial compression, ACI Material J, vol. 92, pp.71-81, (1995).

DOI: 10.14359/1415

[49] P. Balaguru and V. Ramakrishnan, Properties of fiber reinforced concrete: workability, behavior under long-term loading, and air-void characteristics, Material J, vol. 85, pp.189-196, (1988).

DOI: 10.14359/1849

[50] P. Wainwright and N. Rey, The influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) additions and time delay on the bleeding of concrete, Cem Concr Compos, vol. 22, pp.253-257, (2000).

DOI: 10.1016/s0958-9465(00)00024-x

[51] I. Topçu and V. Elgün, Influence of concrete properties on bleeding and evaporation, Cem Concr Res, vol. 34, pp.275-281, (2004).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.07.004

[52] R. Ravindrarajah, Bleeding of fresh concrete containing cement supplementary materials, in The ninth east Asia-Pacific conference on structural engineering and construction, Bali, Indonesia, (2003).