Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Duplex Stainless Steel Welds

Abstract:

The hot cracking (solidification cracking) susceptibility in the weld metals of duplex stainless steels were quantitatively evaluated by Transverse-Varestraint test with gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and laser beam welding (LBW). Three kinds of duplex stainless steels (lean, standard and super duplex stainless steels) were used for evaluation. The solidification brittle temperature ranges (BTR) of duplex stainless steels were 58K, 60K and 76K for standard, lean and super duplex stainless steels, respectively, and were comparable to those of austenitic stainless steels with FA solidification mode. The BTRs in LBW were 10-15K lower than those in GTAW for any steels. In order to clarify the governing factors of solidification cracking in duplex stainless steels, the solidification segregation behaviours of alloying and impurity elements were numerically analysed during GTAW and LBW. Although the harmful elements to solidification cracking such as P, S and C were segregated in the residual liquid phase in any joints, the solidification segregation of P, S and C in LBW was inhibited compared with GTAW due to the rapid cooling rate in LBW. It followed that the decreased solidification cracking susceptibility of duplex stainless steels in LBW would be mainly attributed to the suppression of solidification segregation of P, S and C.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 941)
• Pages: 679-685
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.679
• Online since: December 2018
• Authors: Kazuyoshi Saida*, Tomo Ogura
• Keywords: Computer Simulation, Duplex Stainless Steel, GTAW, Hot Cracking, Laser Beam Welding (LBW), Solidification Segregation, Varestraint Test

References

[1] M.Miura, M.Koso, T.Kudo and H.Tsuge: Effect of Nickel and Nitrogen on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steel Weldment,, Quarter. J. JWS, 7-1 (1989), pp.94-100 (in Japanese).

DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.7.94

[2] O.Kamiya, K.Kumagai, T.Enjo and Y.Kikuchi: Effect of Microstructure on Fracture Toughness of SUS329J1 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds,, Quarter J. JWS, 8-1 (1990), pp.105-111 (in Japanese).

DOI: 10.1080/09507119109447816

[3] N.A.McPherson, Y.Li and T.N. Baker: Microstructure and Properties of As Welded Duplex Stainless Steel,, Sci. & Technol. Welding & Joining, 5-4 (2000), pp.235-244.

DOI: 10.1179/136217100101538263

[4] R.Badji, M.Bouabdallah, B.Bacroix, C.Kahloun, B.Belkessa and H.Maza: Phase Transformation and Mechanical Behavior in Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds,, Mater. Characterization, 59 (2008), pp.447-453.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2007.03.004

[5] J.W. Abtibol Menezes, H.Abreu, S.Kundu, H.K.D.J. Bhadeshia and P.M. Kelly: Crystallography of Widmanstätten Austenite in Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Metal,, Sci. & Technol. Welding & Joining, 14-1 (2009), pp.4-10.

DOI: 10.1179/136217108x341166

[6] R.J. Ramirez, S.D. Brandi and J.C. Lippold: Secondary Austenite and Chromium Nitride Precipitation in Simulated Heat Affected Zones of Duplex Stainless Steels,, Sci. & Technol. Welding & Joining, 9-4 (2004), pp.301-313.

DOI: 10.1179/136217104225021715

[7] J.-O.Nilsson, T.Huhtala, P.Jonsson, L.Karlsson and A.Wilson: Structural Stability of Super Duplex Stainless Weld Metals and Its Dependence on Tungsten and Copper,, Metall. Mater. Trans., 27A-10 (1996), 2196-2208.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02651874

[8] R.Badji, M.Bouabdallah, B.Bacroix, C.Kahloun, K.Bettahar and N.Kherrouba: Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on the Precipitation Kinetic of s-Phase in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds,, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 496 (2008), pp.447-454.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.06.024

[9] K.Nishimoto, K.Saida and O.Katsuyama: Prediction of Sigma Phase Precipitation in Super Duplex Stainless Steel Weldments,, Welding in the World, 50-3/4 (2006), pp.13-28.

DOI: 10.1007/bf03263429

[10] E.J. Chun, H.Baba, K.Nishimoto and K.Saida: Development of Laser Beam Welding Varestraint Test for Assessment of Solidification Cracking Susceptibility in Laser Welds,, Metals and Materials International, 21-3 (2015), pp.543-553.

DOI: 10.1007/s12540-015-4394-x

[11] E.J. Chun, H.Baba, K.Nishimoto and K.Saida: Evaluation of Solidification Cracking Susceptibility in Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds Using Laser Beam Welding Transverse-Varestraint Test,, Cracking Phenomena in Welds IV, ed. by T.Böllinghaus, J.C. Lippold and C.E. Cross, Springer-Verlag, (2016), pp.161-206.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28434-7_9

[12] T.Ogura, T.Masaki, K.Saida, K.Nishimoto, K.Kiuchi and J.Nakayama: Hot Cracking Susceptibility of Extra High-Purity Type 304 and 316 Stainless Steels, - Feasible Study of Ferrite-Free Welding -,, Quar. J. JWS, 33-3 (2015), pp.295-308 (in Japanese).

DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.33.295

[13] T.Ogura, S.Ichikawa and K.Saida: Theoretical Approach to Influence of Nitrogen on Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steels, - Computer Simulation of Hot Cracking by Solidification/Segregation Models -,, Quarter. J. JWS, 34-3 (2016), pp.189-196 (in Japanese).

DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2017.1346861

[14] A.Ernstein A.J. Carlen，L.Rick: Welding Influence of Phosphorus and Sulfur on the Properties of the Weld Metal in Certain Austenitic Stainless Steels,, W. J., 44-11 (1965), pp.504-508.

[15] T.Osuki, M.Yonemura and K.Ogawa: Analysis of Crystallization and Growth Behavior of NbC on Solidification Process of SUS347H Weld Metal,, Quarter. J. JWS, 26-3 (2008), pp.242-251 (in Japanese).

DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.26.242

[16] Y.Ono: Diffusion in Liquid Iron and Its Alloys,, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 63-8 (1977), pp.122-133 (in Japanese).

[17] K.Nishimoto, K.Saida, Y.Okabe, K.Hata, K.Kiuchi and J.Nakayama: Hot Cracking Behaviour and Susceptibility of Extra High-Purity Type 310 Stainless Steels,, Sci. & Technol. Welding & Joining, 15-1 (2010), pp.87-96.

DOI: 10.1179/136217109x12590746472454

[18] K.Saida, H.Matsushita, K.Nishimoto, K.Kiuchi and J.Nakayama: Quantitative Influence of Minor and Impurity Elements on Hot Cracking Susceptibility of Extra High-Purity Type 310 Stainless Steel,, Quarter. J. JWS, 31-1 (2013), pp.56-65 (in Japanese).

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16864-2_11

[19] K.Saida, H.Matsushita, K.Nishimoto, K.Kiuchi and J.Nakayama: Quantitative Influence of Minor and Impurity Elements on Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Extra High-Purity Type 310 Stainless Steel,, Sci. & Technol. Welding & Joining, 18-7 (2013), pp.616-623.

DOI: 10.1179/1362171813y.0000000149

[20] K.Saida, Y.Nishijima, K.Nishimoto, K.Kiuchi and J.Nakayama: Contribution of Phosphorus and Sulfur on Hot Cracking Susceptibility of Extra High-Purity 25Cr-35Ni Stainless Steels,, W. J., 92-11 (2013), p.322s-331s.

DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.29.187