Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide by Using Reducing Sugars

Abstract:

Graphene is a promising candidate for a broad range application in many fields and it has attracted a lot of attention from the researchers due to its unique properties. The involvement of toxic chemicals in synthesisation process is quite worrying as they release toxic gases and cause an explosion. Hence, this research reports a facile and safer method where the improved Hummer’s method was used to synthesize graphene oxide. Chemical reagent reduction method was implemented to synthesize reduced graphene oxide where glucose, fructose and sucrose were used as the reducing agents. The structural and optical properties of GO and rGO was determined by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer. The FTIR analysis of the films showed the existence of a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups in GO compared to G-rGO, F-rGO and S-rGO. Furthermore, the UV-Vis analysis of GO showed the presence of an absorption peak at 230 nm and also a shoulder at 301 nm. The reduction of GO by sucrose caused a red shift from 230 nm to 260 nm while the reduction of GO by glucose and fructose caused a redshift to 268 nm. By referring to Tauc’s plot method, it was observed that the optical band gaps of GO, G-rGO, F-rGO and S-rGO were 4.26 eV, 3.32 eV, 3.38 eV and 3.66 eV, respectively.

• Periodical: Nano Hybrids and Composites (Volume 31)
• Pages: 17-24
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/NHC.31.17
• Online since: February 2021
• Authors: Affa Rozana Abdul Rashid*, Husna Rosli
• Keywords: GO, Improved Hummer’s Method, Reducing Sugars, rGO

References

[1] Agharkar, M., Kochrekar, S., Hidouri, S., & Azeez, M. A. (2014). Trends in green reduction of graphene oxides , issues and challenges: A review. Elsevier Ltd, 59, 323–328.

DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.07.051

[2] Hasan, M.T. (2018). Characterization And Modification Of Optical Properties. (August), 89.

[3] Jaafar, E., Kashif, M., Sahari, S.K., & Ngaini, Z. (2018). Study on Morphological , Optical and Electrical Properties of Graphene Oxide ( GO ) and Reduced Graphene Oxide ( rGO ). 917, 112–116.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.917.112

[4] AH Surani, ARA Rashid, N Arshad, AAN Hakim. 2019. High-Yield and Stepwise Synthesis of Graphene Oxide by Modified Hummers' Method. International Journal of Nanoelectronics & Materials 12 (4).

[5] Zaaba, N.I., Foo, K.L., Hashim, U., Tan, S.J., Liu, W.W., & Voon, C.H. (2017). Synthesis of Graphene Oxide using Modified Hummers Method: Solvent Influence. Procedia Engineering, 184, 469–477.

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.118

[6] Shahhriary, L., & Athawale, A.A. (2014). Graphene Oxide Synthesized by using Modified Hummers Approach. International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering, 02(01), 58–63.

[7] Chua, C.K. & Pumera, M. (2013). Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 291-312.

DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60303b

[8] Pei, S., & Cheng, H.M. (2012). The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon, 50(9), 3210–3228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010

[9] Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Piner, R.D., Kohlhaas, K.A., Kleinhammes, A., Jia, Y., & Wu, Y. (2007). Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. 45, 1558–1565.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034

[10] Marcano, D.C., Kosynkin, D.V., Berlin, J.M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A.S., … Tour, J.M. (2018). Correction to Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano, 12(2), 2078–(2078).

DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00128

[11] Emiru, T.F., & Ayele, D.W. (2017). Controlled synthesis, characterization and reduction of graphene oxide: A convenient method for large scale production. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 74–79.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2016.11.002

[12] Kamisan, A.I., Kamisan, A.S., Md Ali, R., Tunku Kudin, T.I., Hassan, O.H., Abdul Halim, N., & Yahya, M.F. (2015). Synthesis of Graphene via Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide with Simple Sugars. Advanced Materials Research, 1107, 542–546.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.542

[13] SuryaBhaskaram, D., Cheruku, R., & Govindaraj, G. (2014). Sugar assistedGraphene: A green synthesis approach. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 6(6 SPEC. ISS.), 3291–3293.

[14] Kamisan, A.I., Kamisan, A.S., Md Ali, R., Tunku Kudin, T.I., Hassan, O.H., Abdul Halim,N., & Yahya, M.F. (2015). Synthesis of Graphene via Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide with Simple Sugars. Advanced Materials Research, 1107, 542–546.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.542

[15] Sharma, N., Sharma, V., Jain, Y., Kumari, M., Gupta, R., Sharma, S.K., & Sachdev, K. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide ( GO ) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Gas Sensing Application. 1700006, 1–5.

DOI: 10.1002/masy.201700006

[16] Wang, S., Dong, Y., He, C., Gao, Y., Jia, N., Chen, Z., & Song, W. (2017). The role of sp 2 /sp 3 hybrid carbon regulation in the nonlinear optical properties of graphene oxide materials. RSC Advances, 7(84), 53643–53652.

DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10505c

[17] Chandu, B., Mosali, V.S.S., Mullamuri, B., & Bollikolla, H.B. (2017). A facile green reduction of graphene oxide using annona squamosa leaf extract. Carbon Letters, 21(1), 74–80.

DOI: 10.5714/cl.2017.21.074

[18] Velasco-Soto, M.A., Pérez-García, S.A., Alvarez-Quintana, J., Cao, Y., Nyborg, L., & Licea-Jiménez, L. (2015). Selective band gap manipulation of graphene oxide by its reduction with mild reagents. Carbon.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.06.013

[19] Zheng, F., Xu, W.L., Jin, H.D., Hao, X.T., & Ghiggino, K.P. (2015). Charge transfer from poly(3-hexylthiophene) to graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. RSC Advances, 5(109), 89515–89520.

DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18540h