Paper Titles
Impact of Embedded System-Based Automatic Spin Coating Machine in the Growth of Pure Zinc Oxide and Magnesium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films for LPG Gas Sensing Application
p.19
Effect of UV Lamp Distance on Cracking Defects in the UV Coating Process: An Experimental Study
p.33
Optimization of Precursor Volume and its Impact on the Characterization of Copper Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis Technique
p.41
Influence of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Addition and Post-Baking Process on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Carbon-Copper Composites
p.53
The Effects of Fiber Orientation on the Failure Behavior and Natural Frequencies of Graphite Epoxy and E-Glass Epoxy Composite Laminates under Uniaxial Loads
p.63
Failure Behavior and Natural Frequencies in Cantilever Hybrid Kevlar/Glass Epoxy Plate with Various Angle-Ply Configurations
p.73
Characterization and Decolorization of Modified Guar Gum/Biochar Hydrogel Composite
p.85
AuNPs-Decorated Tungsten Disulfide Nanostructured Hybrid System as SERS for Biomolecule Sensing
p.91
Phase Evolution and Structural Characterization of Lanthanum-Substituted Sodium Lead Phosphate Ceramics Synthesized at 830°C
p.97

Phase Evolution and Structural Characterization of Lanthanum-Substituted Sodium Lead Phosphate Ceramics Synthesized at 830°C

Article Preview

Abstract:

This study explores the phase and structural transformations of new lanthanum substituted sodium lead phosphate composite, Pb(8-x)LaxNa2(PO4)6 with x=0.00 to 0.30. The main focus is to establish the limits of substitution of La³⁺ in the apatite lattice and to understand its effect after substitution. The apatite composite specimen was prepared through a solid–state reaction at 830 °C and characterized using Rietveld–XRD, FT IR and SEM techniques. The statistics suggest that the structure mostly remains a constant up to x = 0.20. However, when the amount of lanthanum exceeds the limit, secondary phases exist and become dominant showing the limit of lanthanum entry. The insertion leads to changes in the host-cation lattice; namely a nonlinear variation along the a-axis, while there is a linear variation along the c-axis in lead-apatite. FT-IR data further confirms that PO₄³⁻ is a tetrahedral ion in the structure. Microstructure is more densely packed what is new in this work is the study of the structural changes which lead to the formation of larger amounts of lead-apatite composites with a wider range of La³⁺ range. The structural changes seen in this study shed light on the structural changes that must occur for effective integration of lead-apatite composites. A fresh perspective on how this study contributes to your submission.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
Composites, Thin Films and Coatings View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

Solid State Phenomena (Volume 392)

Pages:

97-109

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-dQ9hZU

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

April 2026

Authors:

Ruaa A. Mohammed, Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar*

Keywords:

Apatite Ceramics, Lanthanum Substitution, Phase Evolution, Rietveld Refinement, Solid-State Synthesis

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] M.A. Abdul Jabar, Studying Solid Solutions of Substitution of Pb with Sm in Lead-Sodium Apatite Structure, Nanosist. Nanomater. Nanotehnol. 17 (2019) 343–352

DOI: 10.15407/nnn.17.02.343

Google Scholar

[2] M.A. Abdul Jabar, New Solid-Solutions of Substitution Strontium (Sr) for Lead (Pb) in Apatite Structure, Chem. Chem. Technol. 17 (2023) 719–728

DOI: 10.23939/chcht17.04.719

Google Scholar

[3] M.A. Abdul Jabar, Synthesis of Sodium-Lead Apatite Structure with the Excess and the Lack of Sodium, Iraqi J. Sci. 64 (2023) 2129–2134

DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2023.64.5.2

Google Scholar

[4] M. Harilal, A. Saikiran, N. Rameshbabu, Experimental Investigation on Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite by the Mechanochemical Method, Key Eng. Mater. 775 (2018) 149–155

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.149

Google Scholar

[5] Y. Benali, D. Predoi, K. Rokosz, C.S. Ciobanu, S.L. Iconaru, S. Raaen, C.C. Negrila, C. Cimpeanu, R. Trusca, L. Ghegoiu, C. Bleotu, Physico-Chemical Properties of Copper-Doped Hydroxyapatite Coatings Obtained by Vacuum Deposition Technique, Materials 17 (2024) 3681

DOI: 10.3390/ma17153681

Google Scholar

[6] M.R. Costa, J.A.C. Filho, C.B.B. Luna, G.M.P. Dantas, A.C.F.D.M. Costa, N.M.D.S. Oliveira, Toward the Production of Hydroxyapatite/Poly(Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK) Biocomposites: Exploring the Physicochemical, Mechanical, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Properties, Polymers 16 (2024) 2520

DOI: 10.3390/polym16172520

Google Scholar

[7] L. Duta, V. Grumezescu, The Effect of Doping on the Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Hydroxyapatite for Medical Applications: From Powders to Thin Films, Materials 17 (2024) 640

DOI: 10.3390/ma17030640

Google Scholar

[8] M. Faried, A. Khalifa, M. Samer, Y.A. Attia, M.A. Moselhy, A. El-Hussein, R.S. Yousef, K. Abdelbary, E.M. Abdelsalam, Biostimulation of Green Microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana Using Nanoparticles of MgO, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, and ZnO for Increasing Biodiesel Production, Sci. Rep. 13 (2023) 19730

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46790-w

Google Scholar

[9] M. Hamza, B. Hamdi, A.B. Ahmed, F. Capitelli, H. El Feki, Synthesis of a New Potassium-Substituted Lead Fluorapatite and Its Structural Characterization, RSC Adv. 14 (2024) 16876–16885

DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01014k

Google Scholar

[10] J.D. Hopwood, H. Casey, M. Cussons, P. Knott, P.N. Humphreys, H. Andrews, J. Banks, S. Coleman, J. Haley, Spherulitic Lead Calcium Apatite Minerals in Lead Water Pipes Exposed to Phosphate-Dosed Tap Water, Environ. Sci. Technol. 57 (2023) 4796–4805

DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04538

Google Scholar

[11] X. Huang, R. Wang, X. Zhao, M. Jiang, Y. Tan, H. Wang, The Curing Performances of Lead-Contaminated Soil Conditioned with Modified Phosphorus β-Hemihydrate Gypsum Cemented Materials, Discover Environ. 2 (2024) 29

DOI: 10.1007/s44274-024-00046-0

Google Scholar

[12] V. Karbivskyy, N. Kurgan, M. Hantusch, A. Romansky, I. Sukhenko, L. Karbivska, Design of the Electronic Structure and Properties of Calcium Apatites via Isomorphic Modification of the Cation Sublattice, J. Appl. Phys. 135 (2024)

DOI: 10.1063/5.0179754

Google Scholar

[13] S.V. Krivovichev, G. Engel, The Crystal Structure of Pb10(PO4)6O Revisited: The Evidence of Superstructure, Crystals 13 (2023) 1371

DOI: 10.3390/cryst13091371

Google Scholar

[14] A. Lasota, M. Gorzelak, E. Bis, P. Biliński, K. Gieburowski, W. Kłapeć, B. Tymczyna-Borowicz, M. Łobacz, J. Pawlicz, M. Jarzębski, M. Wieruszewski, Implications of Isomorphism in the Family of Apatite Compounds, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26 (2025) 4397

DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094397

Google Scholar

[15] X. Li, B. Azimzadeh, C.E. Martinez, M.B. McBride, Pb Mineral Precipitation in Solutions of Sulfate, Carbonate and Phosphate, Minerals 11 (2021) 620

DOI: 10.3390/min11060620

Google Scholar

[16] W. Lian, G. Yu, J. Ma, J. Xiong, C. Niu, R. Zhang, H. Xie, L. Weng, Quantitative Insights into Phosphate-Enhanced Lead Immobilization on Goethite, Environ. Sci. Technol. 58 (2024) 11748–11759

DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03927

Google Scholar

[17] J. Li, Q. An, Structural and Electronic Intricacies of Cu-Doped Lead Apatite (LK-99): Implications for Potential Ambient-Pressure Superconductivity, J. Phys. Chem. C 128 (2024) 580–587

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c06709

Google Scholar

[18] M.A.A. Jabar, Substitution of Praseodymium by Lead in Pb8Na2(PO4)6 at 850°C, Funct. Mater. 31 (2024) 336–340

DOI: 10.15407/fm31.03.336

Google Scholar

[19] M.A.A. Jabar, Synthesis of Sodium Lanthanum Lead Chloride Apatite Structure at High Temperatures, Adv. J. Chem. Sect. A 8 (2025) 17–26

Google Scholar

[20] A. Mazare, I. Hwang, A.B. Tesler, Surface Modification of TiO2 Nanotubes via Pre-Loaded Hydroxyapatite Towards Enhanced Bioactivity, Mater. Today Commun. 39 (2024) 109216

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109216

Google Scholar

[21] K. Ogawa, K. Tolborg, A. Walsh, Models of Oxygen Occupancy in Lead Phosphate Apatite Pb10(PO4)6O, ACS Energy Lett. 8 (2023) 3941-3944

DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01651

Google Scholar

[22] S.A. Predoi, S.C. Ciobanu, C.M. Chifiriuc, S.L. Iconaru, D. Predoi, C.C. Negrila, I.C. Marinas, S. Raaen, K. Rokosz, M. Motelica-Heino, Sodium Bicarbonate-Hydroxyapatite Used for Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution, Ceram. Int. 50 (2024) 1742–1755

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.10.273

Google Scholar

[23] P. Puphal, M.Y.P. Akbar, M. Hepting, E. Goering, M. Isobe, A.A. Nugroho, B. Keimer, Single Crystal Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism of Pb10−xCux(PO4)6O, APL Mater. 11 (2023)

DOI: 10.1063/5.0172755

Google Scholar

[24] B. Puzio, M. Manecki, Estimation of Missing Third-Law Standard Entropy of Apatite Supergroup Minerals Using Optimized Volume-Based Thermodynamics, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 180 (2025) 1–20

DOI: 10.1007/s00410-024-02193-2

Google Scholar

[25] L.Qiu, C.Yan, T.Munir, Y. Wang, E. Wang, R. Li, X. Wu, Y. Huang, B. Li, Comparing Struvite, K-Struvite and Hydroxyapatite for the Remediation of Lead and Cadmium Contaminated Soil, Sustain. Horiz. 10 (2024) 100084

DOI: 10.1016/j.horiz.2023.100084

Google Scholar

[26] G.M. Quindoza, H.L. Mizuno, Y. Matsuyama, Y. Nakagawa, Y. Anraku, R. Espiritu, T. Ikoma, Substitution of Europium (III) in Hydroxyapatite Lattice for Luminescence Applications, Ceram. Int. 50 (2024) 39698–39709

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.349

Google Scholar

[27] A.M. Rheima, A.A. Abdul-Rasool, Z.T. Al-Sharify, H.K. Zaidan, D.M. Athair, S.H. Mohammed, Nano Bioceramics: Properties, Applications, Hydroxyapatite and Drug Delivery, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 10 (2024) 100869

DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100869

Google Scholar

[28] L. Si, M. Wallerberger, A. Smolyanyuk, S. di Cataldo, J.M. Tomczak, K. Held, Pb10−xCux(PO4)6O: A Mott or Charge Transfer Insulator in Need of Further Doping for Superconductivity, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 36 (2024)

DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/ad0673

Google Scholar

[29] C. Tavares, T. Vieira, J.C. Silva, J.P. Borges, M.C. Lança, Fabrication and In Vitro Biological Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Sodium Potassium Niobate-Barium Titanate Piezoelectric Bioceramics, Biomimetics 9 (2024) 143

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.130060

Google Scholar

[30] C. Tuncer, Y.Ö. Tutay, M. Demiruğlu, Impact of Carbonate-Hosted Zn-Pb Ore Deposits on Groundwater Chemistry, Turk. J. Earth Sci. 34 (2025) 353–374

DOI: 10.55730/1300-0985.1964

Google Scholar

[31] E. Waluś, P. Jeleń, D. Kozień, M. Manecki, Effect of Arsenate and Phosphate Substitution on Hydroxyl Group in Libethenite-Olivenite Solid Solution Series, Mater. Chem. Phys. 320 (2024) 129391

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129391

Google Scholar

[32] X. Wang, J. Su, C. Li, J. Tang, F. Jiang, D. Fu, R. Du, J. Teng, Fabrication of High-Performance Biomedical Rare-Earth Magnesium Alloy-Based Composites, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 33 (2024) 5349–5363

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.10.060

Google Scholar

[33] M. Weil, Crystal Structure Refinements of Lead(II) Oxoarsenates(V), Minerals 11 (2021) 1156

DOI: 10.3390/min11111156

Google Scholar

[34] M. Xu, H. Wang, C. Vojvodin, J.R. Yarava, T. Wang, W. Xie, Polymorphism of Pb5(PO4)3OHδ within the LK-99 Mixture, Struct. Sci. 80 (2024)

DOI: 10.1107/S2052520624010023

Google Scholar

[35] F. Zhao, A. Gao, Q. Liao, Y. Li, I. Ullah, Y. Zhao, X. Ren, L. Tong, X. Li, Y. Zheng, P.K. Chu, Balancing the Anti-Bacterial and Pro-Osteogenic Properties of Ti-Based Implants, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2311812

DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202311812

Google Scholar

[36] M.A.A. Jabar, M.A.B.A. Jabar, Structural and Chemical Characterization of Lanthanum-Doped Fluoroapatite Compounds Synthesized via Solid-State Reaction, Adv. J. Chem. Sect. A 8 (2025) 961–970

Google Scholar

[37] M.A.B. Abdul Jabar, Synthesis and Characterization of Lead Hydroxyapatite Solid Solutions at 830 °C, Key Eng. Mater. 1026 (2025) 101–111

DOI: 10.4028/p-zj1fmk

Google Scholar

[38] E.N. Bulanov, K.S. Stasenko, M.N. Egorikhina, M.I. Zaslavskaya, D.Y. Aleynik, On the Role of Vanadium in the Structure and Properties of Calcium-Bismuth-Sodium Oxyapatite, Solid State Sci. 151 (2024) 107527

DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2024.107527

Google Scholar

[39] Z.F. Xue, W.C. Cheng, L. Wang, Y.X. Xie, P. Qin, C. Shi, Immobilizing Lead in Aqueous Solution and Soil Using Microbial Carbonate/Phosphate Precipitation, J. Hazard. Mater. 480 (2024) 135884

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135884

Google Scholar

[40] B. Li, B.F. Trueman, J.M. Locsin, Y. Gao, M.S. Rahman, Y. Park, G.A. Gagnon, Impact of Sodium Silicate on Lead Release from Lead(II) Carbonate, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 7 (2021) 599–609

DOI: 10.1039/D0EW00886A

Google Scholar