Sort by:
Publication Type:
Open access:
Publication Date:
Periodicals:
Search results
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Gang Yang, Xuan Chao Cai, Li Juan Chao, Shi Yu Lu
This is because since the 11th Five-Year Plan, China began implementation energy-saving emission reduction plan, the speed of the development of environmental protection industry has been speeded up dramatically, and has become the pillar industry which leading the development of the green economy.
The specific data see table 1.
Table 1 Industrial pollution control investment year part of Yangtze River Delta Since 1999 (unit: million RMB) years Shanghai Jiangshu Zhejiang 1999 58714 116959 134494 2001 26458 103524 111284 2003 28000 150000 105000 2005 87500 389500 199500 2007 59269 280053 250363 2009 68357 270554 193574 Data sources: Chinese Statistical Yearbook (2000 ~ 2010). 1.2 financing increased, and capital source diversification.
At the same time, the Yangtze River Delta local governments also set up some special fund to support the energy-saving emission reduction and green environmental protection projects.
In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the investment of environmental protection enterprises, we can improve the environmental protection industry investment and financing system from the following aspects: (1) Provide preferential loans; (2) Government subsidizes; (3) Tax exemptions and reductions; (4) Actively seek International Finance Corporation, foreign government assistance and concessional loans through Environmental Foundation and World Conservation Bank or other channels. 3.1.3 Taking various financing portfolio model.
The specific data see table 1.
Table 1 Industrial pollution control investment year part of Yangtze River Delta Since 1999 (unit: million RMB) years Shanghai Jiangshu Zhejiang 1999 58714 116959 134494 2001 26458 103524 111284 2003 28000 150000 105000 2005 87500 389500 199500 2007 59269 280053 250363 2009 68357 270554 193574 Data sources: Chinese Statistical Yearbook (2000 ~ 2010). 1.2 financing increased, and capital source diversification.
At the same time, the Yangtze River Delta local governments also set up some special fund to support the energy-saving emission reduction and green environmental protection projects.
In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the investment of environmental protection enterprises, we can improve the environmental protection industry investment and financing system from the following aspects: (1) Provide preferential loans; (2) Government subsidizes; (3) Tax exemptions and reductions; (4) Actively seek International Finance Corporation, foreign government assistance and concessional loans through Environmental Foundation and World Conservation Bank or other channels. 3.1.3 Taking various financing portfolio model.
Online since: December 2010
Authors: Ying Tong
Dynamic compression tests were carried out at room temperature under strain rates ranging 1000~4000 s-1 using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar with an automatic data acquisition system.
Fig.2 The damage distribution at the last step (height reduction 80%) at strain rates 1000 s-1.
As several series of billet samples had been compressed on heat physical simulation machine under different deformation temperatures and strain rates, the true stress-strain data collected (as shown in Fig.1) resulted the performance of simulations through an integration method using the subroutine in the DEFORM platform.
Thus, the fracture time, that is, fracture strain or fracture height reduction will be identified and determined
Thus, the fracture time, that is, fracture strain or fracture height reduction has be identified and determined.
Fig.2 The damage distribution at the last step (height reduction 80%) at strain rates 1000 s-1.
As several series of billet samples had been compressed on heat physical simulation machine under different deformation temperatures and strain rates, the true stress-strain data collected (as shown in Fig.1) resulted the performance of simulations through an integration method using the subroutine in the DEFORM platform.
Thus, the fracture time, that is, fracture strain or fracture height reduction will be identified and determined
Thus, the fracture time, that is, fracture strain or fracture height reduction has be identified and determined.
Online since: January 2017
Authors: Larisa M. Sosedova, Tamara M. Filippova
These data were obtained by the examination of physical and chemical parameters.
Significantly more hyperchromic and normal immunopositive to bcl-2 cells than in the control group and groups AG and CS were identified, with a simultaneous reduction in the number of normal cells without expression of the protein.
Thus, we observed a reduction in the number of normal cells without the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 per unit area, while the number of hyperchromic cells and normal cells with caspase-3 expression was significantly increased.
This was combined with the data on the apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2 expression, which begins to provide a protective effect in the same period.
In the distant period we revealed changes in the neurons indicative of apoptosis (caspase-3 activation, reduction of normal cells per unit area).
Significantly more hyperchromic and normal immunopositive to bcl-2 cells than in the control group and groups AG and CS were identified, with a simultaneous reduction in the number of normal cells without expression of the protein.
Thus, we observed a reduction in the number of normal cells without the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 per unit area, while the number of hyperchromic cells and normal cells with caspase-3 expression was significantly increased.
This was combined with the data on the apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2 expression, which begins to provide a protective effect in the same period.
In the distant period we revealed changes in the neurons indicative of apoptosis (caspase-3 activation, reduction of normal cells per unit area).
Online since: February 2008
Authors: Victor Jayme Roget Rodriguez Pita, Marcos Lopes Dias, Eleonora Erdmann, Fernanda Monasterio, Delicia Acosta, Hugo Alberto Destéfanis
The data were recorded at 2θ rates of 2° per minute.
A substantial reduction in the intensity of the diffraction peak was observed for PA 6/MMTArHDTMA composite and a shift to lower angle in the position of the (001) peak was observed for the PA 6/MMTArInt composite.
A reduction in degradation temperatures with the addition of the MMTArHDTMA organoclay was observed.
TG data of PA 6 and PA 6/MMTArInt and PA 6/MMTArHDTMA composites.
The improvement in the barrier properties, considering pure polyamide 6 as reference, is associated with a reduction of free volume and mobility of polymer chains.
A substantial reduction in the intensity of the diffraction peak was observed for PA 6/MMTArHDTMA composite and a shift to lower angle in the position of the (001) peak was observed for the PA 6/MMTArInt composite.
A reduction in degradation temperatures with the addition of the MMTArHDTMA organoclay was observed.
TG data of PA 6 and PA 6/MMTArInt and PA 6/MMTArHDTMA composites.
The improvement in the barrier properties, considering pure polyamide 6 as reference, is associated with a reduction of free volume and mobility of polymer chains.
Online since: November 2005
Authors: W.M. Lima, W.R. Weinand, O.A.A. dos Santos, A. Paesano, F.H.M. Ortega
Atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis and comparison with literature data (g/100g).
The crystallite size (Dhkl) analyses of the HAp phase has been done for every calcination time using the Debye-Scherrer's equation [16]: θβ κλ cos2/1 =hklD , (1) where 0.9≤ κ ≤1.0 is the shape coefficient, λ is the wavelength, β1/2 is related to the experimental data and to the precision of the measurement apparatus [16] and θ is the diffraction angle.
This means a reduction of nearly 19%, for both milling times.
Increasing of milling time implies a constant reduction of the crystallite size, for every calcination time.
The optimum calcination time for crystallite size reduction was ~8 h.
The crystallite size (Dhkl) analyses of the HAp phase has been done for every calcination time using the Debye-Scherrer's equation [16]: θβ κλ cos2/1 =hklD , (1) where 0.9≤ κ ≤1.0 is the shape coefficient, λ is the wavelength, β1/2 is related to the experimental data and to the precision of the measurement apparatus [16] and θ is the diffraction angle.
This means a reduction of nearly 19%, for both milling times.
Increasing of milling time implies a constant reduction of the crystallite size, for every calcination time.
The optimum calcination time for crystallite size reduction was ~8 h.
Online since: March 2014
Authors: Antonio C. Rufin, Robert L. Jochum
Composite impact on metal element fatigue properties in composite-metal joints
Composite attribute/feature
Potential impact to metal elements in hybrid structure
Low in-plane thermal expansion
Thermal stresses
Short-transverse creep
Long-term reduction in joint clamp-up
Low in-plane strain capability
Limits on hole treatments and fastener installation methods
Reduced electrical conductivity
Susceptibility to damage induced by high electrical currents
Discussion
Thermal stresses.
Coefficients of thermal expansion for common structural materials Material Coefficient of thermal expansion(1) µin/in∙deg.F (µm/m∙K) CFRP, in-plane(2) 2.0 (3.6) CFRP, out-of-plane(2) 32 (58) 7050-T7451 Aluminum(3) 12.7 (22.9) Mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V(3) 5.4 (9.7) 15-5PH Steel(3) 6.5 (11.7) NOTES (1) Average, -60 to +200 deg.F (222 to 366 K) (2) Quasi-isotropic laminate, Boeing internal data (3) MMPDS [1] For fatigue, thermal stress analysis begins with a determination of structural thermal profiles at various points during a typical flight, based on standard atmospheric conditions in normal daytime operations.
The only exceptions may be components where major test or service data exist at the applicable thermal environment, or where it is determined by analysis supported by a sufficient amount of experimental evidence that using thermal relief is justifiable.
For airplane design, these differences can be addressed by either taking a reduction in joint capability (determined experimentally) or conversely, offset by specifying more capable fasteners.
New requirements and the potential for fatigue life reduction, along with the relatively common occurrence of lightning attachment on aircraft in service, make consideration of the phenomenon in the design process necessary.
Coefficients of thermal expansion for common structural materials Material Coefficient of thermal expansion(1) µin/in∙deg.F (µm/m∙K) CFRP, in-plane(2) 2.0 (3.6) CFRP, out-of-plane(2) 32 (58) 7050-T7451 Aluminum(3) 12.7 (22.9) Mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V(3) 5.4 (9.7) 15-5PH Steel(3) 6.5 (11.7) NOTES (1) Average, -60 to +200 deg.F (222 to 366 K) (2) Quasi-isotropic laminate, Boeing internal data (3) MMPDS [1] For fatigue, thermal stress analysis begins with a determination of structural thermal profiles at various points during a typical flight, based on standard atmospheric conditions in normal daytime operations.
The only exceptions may be components where major test or service data exist at the applicable thermal environment, or where it is determined by analysis supported by a sufficient amount of experimental evidence that using thermal relief is justifiable.
For airplane design, these differences can be addressed by either taking a reduction in joint capability (determined experimentally) or conversely, offset by specifying more capable fasteners.
New requirements and the potential for fatigue life reduction, along with the relatively common occurrence of lightning attachment on aircraft in service, make consideration of the phenomenon in the design process necessary.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Yi Qing Huang, Qiang Xia
The steric hindrance caused by geometric shape of complex and reduction of degrees of freedom (DF) resulted a negative △S(-185.99J/mol·K), which was proposed by Jose Manuel et al [17].
The peak at 1657 cm-1 shifted to 1668 cm-1 with intensity reduction and the peaks of benzene ring were inconspicuous.
As a result of complexation, the vibration of SA would be blocked, thereby leading to intensity reduction of the corresponding absorption bands.
The release data were analyzed according to zero and first order kinetics, Higuchi as well as Ritger-Peppas mechanisms, and the release mechanism of SA from HP-β-CD at 20 °C were considered to be obeyed by first-order release model, so as to 37, 50 °C (e.g. 20 °C:(ln(1-Q)=-0.21039t-0.10001,R2=0.96157).
Relevant data revealed that the water solubility of SA was increased to 26 times after complexation.Obeying first-order release model, SA could be released from the cavity of HP-β-CD.
The peak at 1657 cm-1 shifted to 1668 cm-1 with intensity reduction and the peaks of benzene ring were inconspicuous.
As a result of complexation, the vibration of SA would be blocked, thereby leading to intensity reduction of the corresponding absorption bands.
The release data were analyzed according to zero and first order kinetics, Higuchi as well as Ritger-Peppas mechanisms, and the release mechanism of SA from HP-β-CD at 20 °C were considered to be obeyed by first-order release model, so as to 37, 50 °C (e.g. 20 °C:(ln(1-Q)=-0.21039t-0.10001,R2=0.96157).
Relevant data revealed that the water solubility of SA was increased to 26 times after complexation.Obeying first-order release model, SA could be released from the cavity of HP-β-CD.
Online since: September 2020
Authors: Mohd Fadzil Ain, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, Mohd Fariz Ab Rahman, Siti Roshayu binti Hassan
Besides, smaller grain size can also be a factor on reduction of dielectric loss.
All the samples exhibited a perovskite structure of CCTO (ICDD Data File Card No. 01-075-2188) and also the formation of minor secondary phase.
The CuO phase (ICDD Data File Card No. 00-045-0937) also appeared in XRD patterns (~38.6°) especially when soda-lime glass content was over 1 wt.%.
Thus, the presence of glassy phase together with CuO at the grain boundaries have a direct impact on dielectric constant and more importantly the reduction of dielectric loss of CCTO-glass.
Ahmad, Effective dielectric loss (tan δ) reduction of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) via various addition of glasses, Int.
All the samples exhibited a perovskite structure of CCTO (ICDD Data File Card No. 01-075-2188) and also the formation of minor secondary phase.
The CuO phase (ICDD Data File Card No. 00-045-0937) also appeared in XRD patterns (~38.6°) especially when soda-lime glass content was over 1 wt.%.
Thus, the presence of glassy phase together with CuO at the grain boundaries have a direct impact on dielectric constant and more importantly the reduction of dielectric loss of CCTO-glass.
Ahmad, Effective dielectric loss (tan δ) reduction of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) via various addition of glasses, Int.
Online since: September 2016
Authors: Sergey P. Zhuravkov, Alexey V. Pustovalov, Gennadii A. Pribytkov, Vasilii V. Fedorov, Luiza V. Nadeina, Galina L. Lobanova
This cooling metal is in the hydrothermal oxidation zone if water is used as the power fluid; and the cooling metal is in the reduction zone if the organic liquids are used as the power fluid.
After finishing the dispersion stage, рН and oxidation reduction potential of suspensions were measured with a help of рН 150 МI.
The oxidation reduction potential increases in wider ranges.
Therefore, literature data analysis and visual observation allow us to establish that the heavy particles of black powder are formed.
According to XRD analysis data, the light fraction of the investigated powder does not include pure metal as well.
After finishing the dispersion stage, рН and oxidation reduction potential of suspensions were measured with a help of рН 150 МI.
The oxidation reduction potential increases in wider ranges.
Therefore, literature data analysis and visual observation allow us to establish that the heavy particles of black powder are formed.
According to XRD analysis data, the light fraction of the investigated powder does not include pure metal as well.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: V. Brinzari, G. Korotcenkov, B.K. Cho
(c,d) Influence of (c) the film thickness and (d) the grain size on the response of RT In2O3 ozone sensors operated in vacuum UV photoreduction mode (films were deposited by magnetron spattering): 1,2,3 – data extracted from [7,8].
Experience has shown that excessive reduction of the grain size was undesirable because it was accompanied by deterioration of the sensor parameters’ stability [6,11], including structure transformation due to the grain growth during exploitation.
The results of Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) (see Fig. 3a) also show reduced stability of metal oxides with a small grain size.
High-temperature maximum in TPR spectra corresponds to the hydrogen absorption during reduction of material to metallic tin [14].
(Data extracted from [14]).
Experience has shown that excessive reduction of the grain size was undesirable because it was accompanied by deterioration of the sensor parameters’ stability [6,11], including structure transformation due to the grain growth during exploitation.
The results of Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) (see Fig. 3a) also show reduced stability of metal oxides with a small grain size.
High-temperature maximum in TPR spectra corresponds to the hydrogen absorption during reduction of material to metallic tin [14].
(Data extracted from [14]).