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Composite impact on metal element fatigue properties in composite-metal joints Composite attribute/feature Potential impact to metal elements in hybrid structure Low in-plane thermal expansion Thermal stresses Short-transverse creep Long-term reduction in joint clamp-up Low in-plane strain capability Limits on hole treatments and fastener installation methods Reduced electrical conductivity Susceptibility to damage induced by high electrical currents Discussion Thermal stresses.
Coefficients of thermal expansion for common structural materials Material Coefficient of thermal expansion(1) µin/in∙deg.F (µm/m∙K) CFRP, in-plane(2) 2.0 (3.6) CFRP, out-of-plane(2) 32 (58) 7050-T7451 Aluminum(3) 12.7 (22.9) Mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V(3) 5.4 (9.7) 15-5PH Steel(3) 6.5 (11.7) NOTES (1) Average, -60 to +200 deg.F (222 to 366 K) (2) Quasi-isotropic laminate, Boeing internal data (3) MMPDS [1] For fatigue, thermal stress analysis begins with a determination of structural thermal profiles at various points during a typical flight, based on standard atmospheric conditions in normal daytime operations.
The only exceptions may be components where major test or service data exist at the applicable thermal environment, or where it is determined by analysis supported by a sufficient amount of experimental evidence that using thermal relief is justifiable.
For airplane design, these differences can be addressed by either taking a reduction in joint capability (determined experimentally) or conversely, offset by specifying more capable fasteners.
New requirements and the potential for fatigue life reduction, along with the relatively common occurrence of lightning attachment on aircraft in service, make consideration of the phenomenon in the design process necessary.

The steric hindrance caused by geometric shape of complex and reduction of degrees of freedom (DF) resulted a negative △S(-185.99J/mol·K), which was proposed by Jose Manuel et al [17].
The peak at 1657 cm-1 shifted to 1668 cm-1 with intensity reduction and the peaks of benzene ring were inconspicuous.
As a result of complexation, the vibration of SA would be blocked, thereby leading to intensity reduction of the corresponding absorption bands.
The release data were analyzed according to zero and first order kinetics, Higuchi as well as Ritger-Peppas mechanisms, and the release mechanism of SA from HP-β-CD at 20 °C were considered to be obeyed by first-order release model, so as to 37, 50 °C (e.g. 20 °C:(ln(1-Q)=-0.21039t-0.10001,R2=0.96157).
Relevant data revealed that the water solubility of SA was increased to 26 times after complexation.Obeying first-order release model, SA could be released from the cavity of HP-β-CD.

These data were obtained by the examination of physical and chemical parameters.
Significantly more hyperchromic and normal immunopositive to bcl-2 cells than in the control group and groups AG and CS were identified, with a simultaneous reduction in the number of normal cells without expression of the protein.
Thus, we observed a reduction in the number of normal cells without the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 per unit area, while the number of hyperchromic cells and normal cells with caspase-3 expression was significantly increased.
This was combined with the data on the apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2 expression, which begins to provide a protective effect in the same period.
In the distant period we revealed changes in the neurons indicative of apoptosis (caspase-3 activation, reduction of normal cells per unit area).

(c,d) Influence of (c) the film thickness and (d) the grain size on the response of RT In2O3 ozone sensors operated in vacuum UV photoreduction mode (films were deposited by magnetron spattering): 1,2,3 – data extracted from [7,8].
Experience has shown that excessive reduction of the grain size was undesirable because it was accompanied by deterioration of the sensor parameters’ stability [6,11], including structure transformation due to the grain growth during exploitation.
The results of Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) (see Fig. 3a) also show reduced stability of metal oxides with a small grain size.
High-temperature maximum in TPR spectra corresponds to the hydrogen absorption during reduction of material to metallic tin [14].
(Data extracted from [14]).

Introduction At the Copenhagen summit in December 2009 , the committee in the Climate Change of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel claims,carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have become the main reasons for global warming, energy efficiency and emission reduction should be paid more attention by human beings the future[1].In 2009,China's President Hu Jintao pointed out that Chinese new energy efficiency and emission reduction plan will be served as an important direction of our development strategy in the summit of the United Nations Climate Change, which shows that China will greatly reduce carbon emissions in the future, and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.
Low carbon and energy saving of the brand construction are snapped up in Hangzhou, the systems of the entire building energy which use low carbon emissions throughout its life cycle, and then 250 million KWH of electricity, 830 million tons of standard coal, 2.48 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions and reduction emissions will be saved in this project.
According to the Figure 6, the life cycle of the building 's carbon emissions data have to be dealt with normalized rating, it comes to a score from the four stages which is divided by the highest score, then the final value is normalized: 0.85,0.6,0.8,0.9 .Evaluation of the analytic hierarchy process which comes from the proportion of the four stages, according to the normalized data and specific gravity which are multiplied and summed to arrive at a final score.

The BET data show at higher calcinations temperature cause the reduction number of surface area of the sample.
Increasing calcination temperature causes the reduction intensity of the zeolite peak this due to the rapture of the structure of zeolite.
From BET analysis show the increasing of the calcinations temperature cause in reduction of the surface area of the sample, meanwhile the XRD data analysis show the existing of the zeolite compound in the sample of natural granite Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education Malaysia for financial support via Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).

In order to minimise reduction of oxides by silicon or carbon the Si3N4/SiC composites with Al2O3 and Y2O3 were prepared also via chemical deposition of aluminium and yttrium hydroxides on nanosized Si3N4/SiC particles, produced by plasma chemical synthesis.
The crystallite size, dcryst,. of SiC is calculated from the XRD data (hkl 200,220) using the Scherrer formula.
It means that at least partial reduction of oxides occurs in the plasma process and it should lead to formation of silicon oxynitride and possibly sialon type phases.
From data of Table 1 it follows that the typical average particle size, d, of the nanocomposites produced is in the range of 30-50 nm and the crystallite size dcryst. of SiC is from 27 nm to 42 nm.
The nucleus of Al2O3 and Y2O3 or TiN can be enclosed in the layer of SiC and Si3N4 as well as of Si2ON2 regarding partial reduction of oxides by silicon.

According to relevant data, the appropriate temperature for the foot is 24℃ and that for the head is 20℃.
The heating load is reduced which means the reduction of consumption and saving of energy [2].
Third, the reduction of the temperature should be gradual when the system is closed.
There is no exact geological research data for recharge temperature of geothermal water.
Reduction of recharge temperature improves the efficiency of geothermal energy and solves thermal pollution to some extent.

Apart from being a high k gate oxide, the presence of intrinsic oxygen vacancies as well as ability of Ce4+ state in the oxide to transform to Ce3+ (reduction) state and vice versa (oxidation) [1-4] have motivated research efforts to investigate CeO2 as a gate oxide on Si [5] and 4H-silicon carbide substrates [6-9].
Nevertheless, earlier, it was reported that reducibility of CeO2 happens at an onset temperature of 600°C [10], meaning that reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ does not happen at temperatures lower than 600°C.
In order to obtain a statistical significant value of the investigated Qeff, five data have been extracted from each sample and presented using error bars in inset of Fig. 1.
Therefore, as the post-deposition annealing time increases, formation of thicker SiOx IL indicates compensation of much of the oxygen vacancies and thus a reduction in Qeff is obtained.
In order to obtain a statistical significant value of the investigated Dit, five data have been extracted from each sample and presented using error bars.

Besides, smaller grain size can also be a factor on reduction of dielectric loss.
All the samples exhibited a perovskite structure of CCTO (ICDD Data File Card No. 01-075-2188) and also the formation of minor secondary phase.
The CuO phase (ICDD Data File Card No. 00-045-0937) also appeared in XRD patterns (~38.6°) especially when soda-lime glass content was over 1 wt.%.
Thus, the presence of glassy phase together with CuO at the grain boundaries have a direct impact on dielectric constant and more importantly the reduction of dielectric loss of CCTO-glass.
Ahmad, Effective dielectric loss (tan δ) reduction of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) via various addition of glasses, Int.