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For this reason, the carbonation of concrete, as consequence of its interaction with the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), has been considered for years a subject of interest in researches of cement chemistry.
The carbonation process is a complex physicochemical process that slowly modifies the structures of the concrete in the course of time and induces changes into its chemical and physical properties [1].
The neutralized concrete makes unstable the film on passive state metals surrounding the inner rebar, so it causes the occurrence of corrosion and results in the performance deterioration of structure.
Fig. 2 Shrinkage and carbonation w/ relative humidity Experimental Work Silo concrete structure is an underground structure located on EL. -80~-130m and the carbonation cannot occur in its outside.
Vennesland, Pore solution composition and chloride binding capacity of silica fume cement pastes, Material Structures, Vol. 16, (1983), p. 19-25 [5] RILEM Draft Recommendation CPC-18, Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth, Material structures, Vol. 17, (1984), p. 434-440

Humidity Sensor Chips based on Gold Nanoparticles/PVA/Carbon Black Composite Film Qian Li 1,a , Fu Jie Chen 2,b 1Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China 2College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China awhclare@126.com, bwhcfj@126.com Keywords: Humidity Sensor Chips; Composite Film; Au NPs Abstract: The research explores gold nanoparticles (NPs)/PVA/carbon black composite film and their further applications in humidity sensor chips, which include: 1.
Beattie, Functionalized gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, structure and colloid stability, J.

The transmission of light at each wavelength is a function of thickness, color and structure of the skin, bone, blood and other material through which the light passes.
Astle: CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 63th ( CRC press, Boca Raton, D-239 1982)
Clinical chemistry, Vol. 45(5), (1999), p. 1651-1658

Montmorillonite is 2:1 phyllosilicate crystal structure consisting of two silica tetrahedral sheets and one octahedral sheet was widely used as reinforcement filler in neat polymers due to its chemical compatibility with the matrix, high cation exchange capacity, surface area, reactivity and adsorptive properties [6].
J.Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry (1995) 33; 1047
Chemistry Material (1996) 2200-2204

Facile Synthesis and Enhanced Photocatalysis of Sm doped TiO2 Hongtao Gao1, 2, a, Wenchao Liu2,b , Guangjun Liu1,c 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P.
China 2College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.
The reasons as follows: (i) invesgating the effect of Sm doping TiO2 on the crystalline structure, morphology, optical absorption property and photocatalytic performance; (ii) extending the light absorption spectrum toward the visible region; (iii) invesgating the effect of the synthesized parameters, such as doping content of Sm3+ ions on the photocatalytic activity; (iv) understanding the the photocatalytic activity mechanisms of Sm-TiO2 catalysts.

Structure and composition of inclusions The X-ray diffraction pattern of the inclusions separated from 82B steel continuous casting billet by electrolysis and the 2%EDTA sodium salt solution leaching was shown in figure 1.
The morphology and chemistry evolution of inclusions in Fe-Si- Al-O melts [J].Metallurgical and materials transactions, 2011, (42): 814-824
Research Methods in Metallurgical Physical Chemistry [M].

These images clearly show a non uniform dispersion of the nanotubes, forming aggregates characterized by different structures and sizes.
In elastomer based on primary amine chemistry, the resulting motives after reacting with isocyanates is a urea group, which might interact with an other urea motif in a bi-dentate way.
Synthesis and characterization of new polyurea elastomers by Sol/Gel chemistry, Macromol.

Studies on the Preparation and Application of Tetramethylsilylcellulose from Rain Tree Sawdust Worranun Wongchompooa, Thanatcha Kanthamoonb and Radchada Buntema* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand awongchompoo_w@silpakorn.edu, bthanatcha95k@gmail.com, cradchadab@yahoo.com Keywords: Waste upcycle, Tetramethylsilylcellulose, Hydrophobic Cellulose, Sawdust Abstract.
The SEM image of R1 shows clearly the microfibril structure as seen in Fig.4 (a).
Dufresne, Surface chemistry, morphological analysis and properties of cellulose nanocrystals with gradiented sulfation degrees, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 5384–5393

The system is located at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Technology of Microsystems Equipment at Peter the Great St.
The assembled structure was placed in a steel tube and fixed with epoxy glue, which allow achieve the necessary process pressures.
Osipov, Optimization of technological parameters in plasma chemical etching of quartz single crystals, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 89 (2016) 865–870. doi:10.1134/S1070427216060033

Within each of these microfibrils, there are regions, where the cellulose chains are arranged in highly ordered (crystalline) structures, and regions that are disordered.
Hydrophobic Modification In general, surface functionality of cellulose nanofibrils can be categorized into 3 groups: (1) native surface chemistry of the particles as a result of their extraction processes (for example sulfate groups originating from sulfuric acid hydrolysis or carboxylic groups as a result of TEMPO-mediated oxidation), (2) covalent modification such as esterification, silylation and polymer grafting and (3) physical adsorption of surfactants or polyelectrolyte.
Colloid Interface Sci. (2004) 283: p.344–350 [15] S Alila, S Boufi, MN Belgacem and D Beneventi, Langmuir (2005) 21:p.8106–8113 [16] K Xhanari, K Syverud, G Chinga-Carrasco and K Paso, Cellulose (2011) 18:p.257–270 [17] J Araki, M Wada and S Kuga, Langmuir (2001) 17(1): p.21-27 [18] E Kloser and DG Gray, Langmuir (2010) 26:p.13450-13456 [19] Zhang L and He M, CN Patent 102492163 A 20120613 [20] JI Jing, GUOS Rong and FX Ling, Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals (2000) 31:p.89-92 [21] RK Johnson, scholar.lib.vt.edu (2010) [22] JJ Blaker, KY Lee, X Li, A Menner and A Bismarck , Green Chemistry (2009)11:p.1321-1326 [23] BY Guo, XJ Gong and QY Yang, (2012) CN Patent 102363635 A 20120229