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Hard and brittle materials such as silicon and ceramic materials are difficult to machining due to their brittle properties.
By the ductile-mode machining, delicate features with high accuracy can be created on these materials by mechanical micro/nano machining.
However, these materials are very brittle.
In ductile-mode machining, brittle materials can be machined in a ductile-mode with good surface finish and no surface pitting or cracking.
Yamazaki, Design and development of PCD micro straight edge end mills for micro/nano machining of hard and brittle materials, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 24 (11) (2010) 1-8

Materials and methods Materials and reagents Sturgeon used in the study was a cultured freshwater fish obtained from a local fish farm in Hangzhou, China.
All materials used for analysis were analytical grade.
Nakai, Journal of Food Science, 1985. 50(2): 486-491
[15] Auh, J.H., et al., Journal of food science, 1999. 64(3): 418-422
PARRISH, Journal of food science, 1983. 48(1): 294-295

Synthesis of graft copolymer Materials.Guar gum (GG) was commercially available which was purified before using.
[3]Mohan A., and Dawid: Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 117 (2010), p.148–154
[4] Feng Liu, and Xuegang Luo: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.171 (2009),p.802–808
[8] Arh-Hwang Chen: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.154 (2008), p. 184–191
[10] Arh-Hwang and Cheng-Yu: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol.163 (2009), p.1068–1075.

Paper is the main print material, whose performance is a factor that effects the printing’s dot gain which is bad to image clarity and color reproduction.
As an important printing material, paper’s performance is one of the factors that affect dot gain.
References [1] Clapper F R, Yule J A C: submitted to Journal of Opt Soc Am (1953)
[2] Rogers G L: submitted to Journal of Image Sci Tech (1997)
[4] Shiraiwa Y，Mizunot: submitted to Journal of Image Sci Tech (1993)

Chip Materials.
Material is the basis of producing chips and it developed fast and well nowadays.
Accompany with the development of microfluidic chip, many materials was adopted to chip fabrication, such as inorganic polymer, glass, quartz, hydrogel, single crystal silicon, metal, etc.
PDMS material; 3.
Lab Chip, Vol.11 (2011) No.10 P1815-1824 [40] F.C.Yin,H.Wen and G.L.Zhu: Chinese Journal of Chromatography, Vol.34 (2016) No.11 P1031-1042 [41] C.Liu,S.C.Yang and M.Li: Journal of Instrumental Analysis, Vol.34 (2015) No.11 P1324-1330 [42] G.L.Zhang and J.Li: Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition), (2014) No.34 P52-55 [43] Y.B.Li,B.B.Zhang and Q.D.He: Journal of Instrumental Analysis, c [44] Yang F, Chen ZG, Pan JB, et al.

Sahoo: Materials Science and Engineering A, 460-461(2007): 357 [2] C.
Singer: Materials Science and Engineering A, 528(2011): 6313 [3] P.
Zhang: Materials for Mechanical Engineering, 35(2011): 30 [4] Z.
Gan: Materials Science and Engineering A, 528(2011): 1707 [9] R.
An: Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology, 30(2010): 734 [10] C.

There is currently considerable interest in developing sustainable absorbers, either from biomass materials or recycled materials.
[3] Hoda S.Seddeq, Nermin Aly, Ali Marwa A and M H Elshakankery, Investigation on sound absorption properties for recycled fibrous materials, Journal of Industrial textiles, 0 (00) 1 – 18, (2012)
[4] Ancuta Borlea, Tiberiu Rusu, Silviu Ionescu, Mihaiella Cretu and Adina Ionescu, Acoustical Materials – sound absorbing materials made of pine sawdust, Romanian Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, vol 8, (2011)
[5] Hoda S.Seddeq, Factors influencing acoustic performance of sound absorptive materials, Australian Journal of Basic and applied sciences, 3(4), (2009), 4610-4617
Pagalday, Review in sound absorbing materials, Arch.

Introduction Wire-EDMing process can cut the electrical conductive materials without the presence of significant mechanical stresses in the workpiece due to the noncontact of electrode with work material.
Using the high open voltage and rough cutting mode, more heat energy created can be likely conducted into not only the workpiece but also the wire electrode, hence removing more work and electrode materials accordingly.
Tong, Investigation of silicon wafering by wire EDM, Journal of Material Science 27(21) (1992), pp. 5805-5810
Liao, Study of electrical discharge machining technology for slicing silicon ingots, Journal of Material Processing Technology 140 (2003), pp. 274-279
Zongjun, Study of small holes on monocrystalline silicon cut by WEDM, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 16(2) (2013), pp. 385-389

Introduction Aseptic loosening is still plagued the field of orthopedic problems.Currently accepted biological reasons for aseptic loosening is macrophages-mediated osteoclastic bone resorption by the wear particles.Advances in materials science make a variety of new bio-metal materials abound.
Artificial joint prosthesis material properties lead to general machining can not process which process hard materials specially (the processing hardness of the tool is not enough).
Through the standardisation of methods of particle preparation and characterization,it will be possible to compare the results from future studies of the biological response with materials currently in use and with new materials being developed.
Acknowledgements Thank the teachers of Central Laboratory of Nanchang University, Materials Science.
[3]A Sabokbar, R Pandey, N A Athanasou; Journal of materials science: materials in medicine, 2003, (14) : 731- 738

Materials and Methods Extraction of Fibers (Ampelodesma Mauritanica plant).
Today, it is receiving increasing attention as it is a renewable raw material used in the development of new materials [13, 20].
Bendaikha, Studies on the properties of cellulose fibers reinforced thermoplastic starch composites, Journal of Chemistry and materials research, 3 (2015) 21-25
El-Kashif, Reinforcement of starch based biodegradable composite using Nile rose residues, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9 (2020) 6160-6171
Migliaresi, Green composites of thermoplastic corn starch and recycled paper cellulose fibers, Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, 33 (2011)