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Variants of the numerical study: · the effect of varying material properties · tolerance deviations of the individual parts through the assembly process and various types of defects which can occur in the assembly of the electromagnetic actuator The numerical simulation tool was ANSYS Maxwell which enables conducting electromagnetic field simulations. [5] The simulation specifications were: · 2D and 3D analysis · Magneto Static - Analysis · Real material data related to BH - curve · Temperature-dependent effects For the analysis the displayed area was adapted to the range of the magnetic field sensors (Fig. 5). 10 mTesla was chosen as a border, which is the range above the measurement signal is not affected significantly by magnetic interferences, such as the Earth's magnetic field.
When a parasitic air gap is located in flux guiding material or at the joints of them, it causes a global increase of the total reluctance of the magnetic circuit which results in a reduction of the magnetic field strength in the working air gap.
Due to a reduced permeability of the sections in the magnetic circuit and depending on which flux guiding element, a global increase of the reluctance correlates with the total magnetic flux reduction and therefore a decreased magnetic force strength (Fig. 7 and Eq. 2).
The magnetic stray fields were measured in the circumference and the data were compared with the results from the simulation.
Display of data on the circumference of the actuator at the pole disc (middle) and the comparison of the results with the simulation results with ANSYS Maxwell (right) The developed measurement system uses an analogue Hall sensor (Gaussmeter DSG 425 with transversal sensor HMNT-4E04-VR from Lakeshore) for the stray field detection.

The analyses carried out in this research on the safety factor and the decrease in post-treatment settlements with the three technologies are purely theoretical since these variables were found on the basis of technical standards, technical data sheets, theses, etc.
Settlement Reduction In order to estimate these deformations, several methods may be used.
This methodology is based on the analysis of settlement data produced by various earthquakes, in which several values are correlated, such as relative density, number of SPT corrected blows, safety factor, cyclic shear stress induced by the earthquake, resistance to penetration of the CPT cone, maximum observed deformations, etc.
For the reduction of post-treatment settlement (Fig. 2), for a severe earthquake, the most effective treatment would be compacted aggregate piles because aggregate piles have a stiffness four to seven times greater than that of gravel columns, which makes the soil much more stable.
Conclusions Though the calculation of the parameters was theoretical, highly conservative data were used.

So, the development and implementation of methods for these wastes utilization in the technological cycles of the same production or other enterprises would allow not only cutting the production costs of the main product – the iron-ore concentrate, but also reducing the impact of the industrial production on the environment by the reduction of areas, allotted for the waste storage.
According to the literature data [17], the reactivity of the primary dyeing compounds in the used pigmented materials is considerably lower, than that of the admixtures, contained in them, including quartz.
The activation processes, taking place during the heat treatment, as well as the action of iron oxides as mineralizing agents at high temperatures, according to the literature data [18], create the increased imperfection of the quartz component’s structure in FQRT and increase the internal stresses.
The obtained results correlate with the data concerning the water absorption capacity of the obtained samples.
So, the reduction of the samples’ coloring after the autoclave treatment takes place partially due to the adsorption of the loading pigment’s particles on the surface of the gel-like and crystallized low-basic calcium silicate hydrates, formed as a result of the interaction between lime and quartz component; and, partially, due to the formation of new compounds at the chemical interaction of loading pigments with the components of the silicate mix, which are characterized with lower color intensity or are colorless.

Mechanical properties are around 188 GPa for Young's modulus, 254 MPa 0.2% proof strength, 453 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 26 % elongation, and 45 % reduction of area.
The material exhibits lower Young's modulus, higher proportion of yielding to ultimate strengths and reduction of area, and a lower elongation than those of conventional ferrous alloys.
The fatigue limit for i paired data at �L in Table 2 can be then evaluated by ( ) iw iii ��ss LFFa = (2) This limit should be controlled by an inequality as ( ) ( ) 2SF LFFS ii w iii ss��ss i +< < (3) Thus, a inequality for solving the exponential, wi, can be converted as ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )LFi FiSi i LFi FiSi �� ss w �� ss lg 5.05.0lg lg lg + << (4) Assuming that the sa-� relations for paired specimens are not possible to cross each other, it is reasonable to take wi as a constant.
Using normal distribution (ND) to model the fatigue limit data, a likelihood function, L(sa; sa,av, sa,rms, w), can be established as ( ) ∏=                 − − = s 1 2 rmsa, ava,a rmsa, rmsa,ava,a 2 1 exp 2 1 ,,; n i i s ss s wsssL π (5) where sa,av and sa,rms are the average value and standard deviation of fatigue limits.
By the paired data in Table 2, solved sa,av, sa,rms, and w by MLA for the present material are respectively 138.25 MPa, 2.5685 MPa, and 0.0086.

In this situation, government policy is passengers encourage to use public transportation because this work can reduction the traffic congestion and air pollution.
After indicated formulas for illustrate it issue we used the real data of public bus operation in Tehran, Iran.
For reduction affects of behaviour of passengers in-station can limited they to using magnetic card for paying fare instead of paying cash.
Acknowledgement We thank the Fara Tarabar Mahdi bus company for providing the test data.
Mahdi Raeisi for his helping in data collection.

The samples were examined in a LEO VP 1530 FEG SEM equipped with a TSL EBSD which has the capacity to collect simultaneous EDS data.
Processing of the data was carried out using OIM analysis with the results presented as Inverse Pole Figure (IPF) maps or chemical EDS maps.
No cleaning algorithm was applied to any of the data collected.
The grey structure in Fig.3(a) appears to correlate with a reduction in the aluminium concentration within the pores.
The Mg map shows that the grey structure near to the cell walls has a slightly higher Mg concentration and a corresponding reduction in the Al concentration.

Complex modernization of local coordinate systems should be aimed at the solution of the following tasks: - inventory and reduction of the number of local coordinate systems; - minimizing the discrepancy between the parameters measured at the local site and the large-scale plan, by creating and implementing new methods for establishing local coordinate systems; - development of training materials to ensure the compatibility of spatial data in the local coordinate system while ensuring legally significant actions; - formation of the federal bank of coordinates of points of state networks in the high-precision geocentric coordinate system of the Russian Federation; - development and implementation of an effective mechanism for strengthening responsibility for the destruction of points of state geodetic networks.
This allows you to locate points in places that are favorable for their long-term preservation and convenient for subsequent use, at the same time there is no need to build expensive external geodetic signs; 3) reduction of the requirements for the density of the initial geodetic base, which makes it possible to drastically reduce the number of strong points; 4) simplicity of organization and high level of automation of work, the ability to perform work at any time of the day and any weather conditions.
To create a domestic GNSS receiver integrated with domestic INS on domestic components, as well as a program for processing data from domestic GNSS receivers.
It may be worth repealing the secrecy of coordinates and heights, taking into account even the public data of space imagery and terrain models. 5.

In situ physico-chemical data were measured in duplicate.
Partial sequences were assembled and the full-length sequences imported to a data base of over 50,000 16S rRNA primary structures by using the aligning tool of the ARB software package (http://www.arbhome.de).
Both 16S rRNA library and CARD-FISH data are in accord and show a strong correlation between the iron gradient and the prokaryotic communities inhabiting the different anoxic areas.
Since iron reduction is favoured when oxygen concentration is relatively low, iron reducing microorganisms are expected to be mainly associated with the sediments.
The main lessons that can be learned from the study of the anoxic sediments of Río Tinto are: i) anoxic conditions favor the reduction of iron, thus imparing the chemical oxidation of sulfides, ii) high ferric iron concentrations inhibit iron reducing activities.

The fatigue life reduction is the result of increased inelastic strain, positive mean stress evolution and time-dependent damages connected with the hold times [3,4].
Surface relief evolution and dislocation structure changes in the fatigue tests with hold times are not well documented in rare literature data [5.6].
Experimental data were fitted by the Basquin law: (1) where σ´f and b are fatigue strength coefficient and exponent, respectively.
Such stress development is not detrimental for fatigue lifetime thus no reduction of fatigue life is observed.
Our experimental data agree well with the results reported previously [4,5,8].

Effective maintenance of a tool equipped with CI of MCC is possible only at optimal parameters of the technology for sharpening and finishing, since formation of dangerous surface defects in the process of sharpening of MCC can cause a sharp decline in the strength of ceramic CI.In this regard, there is an urgent need to develop methods of further modification of surface properties of a tool of MCC to improve these properties and reduction (healing) of dangerous surface defects.
NMCCincludesthreelayers, and each of them has a strictly functional purpose: • externalwear-resistantlayer 1 contributestofavorable transformation of contact processes and provides maximum reduction of contact stresses and thermal effect of substrate of MCC; • intermediate layer 2 provides a strong adhesive bond between layers 1 and 3, and, besides, it can also perform other functions associated with inhibition of heat flow from cutting area to a tool, and diffusion of elements of the material being machined in the tool material (MCC); • adhesion-strengthening layer 3 provides formation of strong adhesion between the ceramic substrate and NMCC and also provides hardening and healing effects on thin near-surface layers of ceramic material.
In processing, flank wear land VB equal to 0.25 mm was assumed as a criterion of tool failure (it limited the area of "normal" wear).To obtain the necessary information about the components of the cutting forces PzandPy, the universal strain-gauge dynamometer UDM  600 and the computer programme for the complete processing of experimental data were used.
Results and discussion of experimental data Results of the experimental studies are presented in Fig. 2 and 3, and the analysis of these Figures reveals the following.
To develop a model of cutting, experimental data were processed on PC worked out under the program developed by the MSUT "STANKIN".Following the result of the experiments carried out and verification of the adequacy of the resulting model and evaluation of the significance of regression coefficients,the dependence of tool life on cutting modes of turning of steel XVGHRC45 was obtained for: VOK-200: T=23.64v0.22,min (2) VOK-200-(Ti-TiN) (standard technology arc-PVD); T=12.73v0.10,min (3) VOK-200-(Ti-TiN-TiCrAlN, FCVAD technology)T=36.47v1.03, min (4) Thebest result for wear resistance was shown by CI of VOK-200 with developed coating Ti-TiN-(TiCrAl)N (Fig.3).The presented figures show that with the increase of the cutting speed, tool life of all tested ceramic tools