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This allows to determining the effect of most parameters on the average values of the output results while number of experiments is low and the time, cost are the smallest.
Because Taguchi method do not use all set of experiments, so there have not any accurate number of effects of any input parameter on the output results.
However, the grain height will decrease when the rough dressing times increases.
Clearly, number of active abrasive particles of the grinding wheel was increased by the finish dressing so cutting ability also increases.
However, the grain height will decrease when finish dressing times increases so cutting ability of grinding wheel decreases.

Vibration screener is an important mechanism which is widely applied to metallurgy, building materials, chemical industry, grain, mine, etc.
The basic parameters of vibration screener bearing spring include: spring diameter D, spring average diameter D2 and the spring’s number of total coils n.
From , the following formulas can be got: ≥0 ≥0 （10） Stiffness constraint condition: design stiffness value of each spring spring can be got from the total spring stiffness of Table 1 dividing the total number 8 of spring.
Table 2 Multi-object optimal result of vibration screener support spring 7.921 70.564 6.998 0.665 0.428 0.237 Table 3 Standard design parameter values of optimal result Design parameter Design result Design parameter Design result diameter of the spring wire d（mm） 8.0 vertical stiffness ky（N/mm） 17.06 mean crewdiameter of spring D2（mm） 70.0 horizontal stiffness kx（N/mm） 8.64 external diameter of the spring D（mm） 78.0 Pitch p（mm） 21.0 internal diameter of spring D1（mm） 62.0 Spring inde C 8.75 free height H0（mm） 159 helix angle α 5°27′ Effective working the number of turns n 7 developed length（mm） 1986.2 number of total coils nT 9±0.5 matertail 60Si2Mn Summary In summary , the multi-objective function and constraint condition established by this paper can solve the optimal design problem of vibration screener support spring and can give reference for the optimal design of vibration screener support spring .
Wu: Grain and Feed Industry, (2000) No.1, p.15.

It was demonstrated that the AE signals detected upon the isothermal oxidation of undoped Fe-20Cr5Al alloy arise from buckling of the fine-grained -Al2O3 layer.
The AE signals which were detected upon isothermal oxidation of doped Fe-18Cr-12Al alloy were attributed to the repeated cracking of coarse-grained -Al2O3 layers.
The total number of AE events generated at 773 K, 873 K, 973 K and 1073 K was found to be 33, 77, 93 and 169, respectively.
The total number of AE events increased gradually with a rise in the temperature of oxidation.
The total number of AE events generated during oxidation was the only change noted from these plots.

The different orientations were used as a means to model individual grains within a polycrystal without the uncertain influence of grain boundaries and glass-forming contamination (e.g.
Although research exists suggesting that bonding Pt to polycrystalline alumina relies on the formation of an amorphous layer due to contaminant SiO2 leakage from the alumina grain boundaries [6], much counter-evidence exists [2, 7, 9].
Likewise, there is evidence in one study of SiO2 contamination and glass formation in Pt-sapphire bonds (De Greaf et al.) [6], where presumably the source of Si is the Pt grain boundaries.
XPS scan of the Pt surface of the debonded samples (MAT00039-41 are sample reference numbers, refer to samples 1-3 of Table 1).

An atomic force microscope (AFM; Veeco Nano Scope IV) with a tapping mode was used to observe: film thickness, surface roughness and grain size with a scan size of 0.5 mm2.
For the high UMF that used in this work, the large number of electrons were emitted in the plasma can be ionized Ti into Ti+ upon electron impact [16] to obtain TiO2 film with a rutile phase.
The dense film, smallest grain size and highest rms roughness illuminated on the film deposited using higher Vsb of -150 V due to the result of the surface migration from high-energy sputtered-particle bombarded.
Table 1 Thickness, roughness, and grain size of TiO2 films deposited on 316L-SS with different Vsb.
Vsb (V) Thickness (nm) RMS-roughness (nm) Grain size (nm) 0 424.5 3.0 78.8 -50 424.7 3.2 87.6 -100 419.9 4.4 45.6 -150 442.0 5.7 23.9 Conclusions The rutile TiO2 films have been deposited by dual cathode DC unbalanced magnetron sputtering with the enhancement of UMF.

The number of cycles of fatigue corresponding to a crack length of 0.25 mm at the notch root is defined as the fatigue crack initiation life.
Lots of the SEM studies [14,15] showed that there were three kinds of fatigue crack nucleation: persistent slip bands, grain boundaries and surface inclusions.
The fatigue crack nucleation from grain boundaries started from some sensitive grain boundaries, the little steps formed because of the slips and the crack initiated due to the stress concentration.
The mechanism crack nucleation from non-metallic inclusions mainly included three situations: the inclusions cracked, the grain boundaries separated in the non-metallic inclusions and the inclusions disengaged from the matrix.

Grain boundaries, dislocations, and inclusions are considered to be favored locations for crack initiation and fracture propagation [3].
The ferrite grains have irregular shapes with different sizes and there is no evidence of any traces of the prior austenite grain boundaries.
The numbers in the legends correspond to the orientation intensities.
Measured average grain sizes and volume fractions of second phases were independent of sample orientation.

The grain size and distribution of the film were observed with a scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-6390A).
(2) Where E is the EMF, E0 the EMF for a given ρ(CO2) at the standard condition, n the number of reaction electrons and F the faraday constant.
Observed from the images, the grain size and distribution become better when the temperature rises to 800℃.
As we know, the ion is more easily passing the crystal than grain boundaries and the ion conductance in the solid electrolyte material directly affects the sensor’s response speed.
By comparing and analyzing the SEM images, we may find that the film-type Li3PO4 is much denser than the bulk-type Li3PO4, and furthermore, the response characteristics and response speed of the sensor would be very good when the grain of electrolyte film was large and well distributed.

We have carried out a number of experiments to estimate the influence of the power supply type upon the chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties of the weld joints and health characteristics of manual arc welding.
The weld joint chemical composition of 45 steel with UONI 13/55 electrodes Power supply Chemical composition, % C Si Mn P Сr Ni Cu DR-306 0,11 0,30 0,92 0,019 0,06 0,05 0,09 Nebula-315 0,12 0,31 1,00 0,02 0,06 0,06 0,10 Microstructure analysis of the weld joints showed: base metal - fine-grain pearlite-ferritic mixture; heat-affected area - medium- to large-grained pearlite- ferritic mixture with widmanstatt (DR-306), medium- to large-grained pearlite- ferritic mixture (Nebula-315); weld joint metal - fine-grained to dendritic pearlite-ferritic mixture.

It can be seen from Fig.1 that the cracks mainly appear in the grain boundary and represent the characteristic of intergranular crack with dust-color crack fracture.
It is mostly because of the liquid film separation caused by heat stress action on the residual liquid phase in the grain boundary generated in the stage of solidification of metal layer or the coming layer deposition.
As a result, the relation between crystals is cut off, at last, the liquid film is separated in the grain boundary by the action of tension stress created by cooling shrinkage and generates crystal crack.
The experiment results were revealed in fig.5 where the sample numbers were corresponding to the parameters in table 1 and cracks are in the areas within the ellipse.
(a) The red state of the sample (b) The oxidation state of the sample in the cooling process Fig.6 The oxidation of the sample in the cooling process Conclusions (1) The cracks generating in the course of manufacturing are mainly heat cracks, this is mostly because of the liquid film separation caused by heat stress action on the residual liquid phase in the grain boundary generated in the stage of metal layer solidification or the coming layer deposition