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In addition, the change in morphology and grain size may also affect the magnetic properties.
To explain the dependence of coercivity on the grain size, it is proposed that the coercivity is due to the pinning of the magnetic domains at the grain boundaries [25].
Since surface to volume ratio decrease as the size of grain increase, the smaller grains will have more grain boundaries to pin the magnetic domains.
The materials with smaller grain will be expected to have higher coercivity.
At the same time, with smaller particle size, the number of defects at surface and interface increase rapidly, which will lead to the multiplication of discrete energy levels.

The tensile behavior of the mush as a function of solid fraction has been the subject of a number of studies [9,10].
The plastic deformation is due to the presence of large fraction of solid grain skeletons [5].
This type of fracture can be attributed to decohesion between grains and the fracture occurred as a result of intergranular openings.
It appears that for both alloys, the crack propagates through the low melting Al2Cu phase located along the grain boundaries.
However, for the grain boundary with a larger pool of liquid, the liquid phase will flow (Fig.6(b)).

The average grain size of ATO ceramic targets can be calculated by Scherrer’s formula.
In Fig.5, the grains grow relatively dense and tightly combine with each other.
The majorities of the grains have a well-distributed size, small but complete, and its size is about 200 nm or so in Fig.5b.
Seen from Fig.5c, the crystal grain grow more complete, there are a number of smooth crystal surface, but the emergence of a small amount of abnormal grain can also be seen in Fig.5d.
The morphology of the target indicates that in the sintering process, the growth of the grain is good.

Microstructure analysis shows that, the weld zone has reduced particle size and reduced grain size of the aluminium alloy.
Feng A.H et al [15] studied the grain boundary mis-orientation and texture development in friction welded Al-Cu-Mg/15%SiC Joint.
They found that, the texture orientation and grain boundary characteristics are not improved by post weld T4 temper treatment.
Nami H et al [23] selected number of welding passes along with the other conventional parameters.
Ma, Grain boundary misorientation and texture development in friction stir welded SiCp/Al–Cu–Mg composite, Mater Sci Eng A, 497 (2008) 515–518

Introduction Cast aluminum alloys are commonly employed in the transport field for the production of a large number of components; Al-Si alloys, in particular, thanks to the high castability, enable the production of massive complex-shape parts.
The effect of Si content on grain size should also be taken into account, since Si content exceeding 5 wt% is reported to promote grain coarsening [18–20].
Grain size measured on fatigue samples of A354 and C355 alloys.
[12] ASTM ASTM E112-13 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size.
Hutt, The effect of grain refinement and silicon content on grain formation in hypoeutectic Al – Si alloys, Mat Sci Eng A. 259 (1999) 43–52

Introductions Temperature is an important physical parameter of the grain storage, rapid and accurate detection of the granary internal temperature and timely processing have important implications for reducing grain loss.
The temperature acquisition module includes a number of cascaded DS18B20, which uses a single-bus technology to merge the address line, data line and control line as a signal line and communicate with the AT89S51.
The front panel of the host computer monitoring software [6] is shown in Fig.4 Fig.4 Front panel of the monitoring software of host computer System test results A number of experiments are conducted in order to validate and improve the accuracy of the system measurement data.

It can be seen that a large number of particles of intermetallic phases distributed in the aluminum matrix.
The intermetallic phase was founded both in the grains and along grain boundaries.
The particles tended to agglomerate together and showed obvious directionality along the grain flow direction.
The fracture morphologies in the circumferential direction is mainly intergranular fracture and there are many microporous dimples along grain boundaries.
It can be seen that cracks are difficult to propagate due to the barrier of grains.

Introduction Manganite perovskites of the chemical formula A1−xBxMnO3 (where A is rare earth cations like La, Sm, Pr, Nd and B is an alkali earth atom like Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb etc.) have recently attracted considerable attention because they exhibit a number of interesting electronic and magnetic properties [1].
The grain size and shape were studied through transmission electron microscopy.
This can be understood by the spin dependent interfacial tunneling and the intrinsic transport mechanisms simultaneously exist in these samples and the contribution of interface gradually reduces as grain growth increases by increasing the sintering temperature.
Such grain boundaries are resulted into the inter-granular barrier.
The electrical resistivity data were analyzed using various theoretical models and it has been concluded that the electrical resistivity data in the low temperature regime (Tgrain boundary.

The Reynolds number at the transition is 10.6.
As detonation proceeds, grains close to the interface gets elongated in the direction of detonation.
The microstructure shows elongated grains of ferrite and banded pearlite distributed throughout.
The grains of flyer plate have been elongated and oriented towards the direction of the detonation front.
Neumann Bands Cu SS304 X100 Cu Interlayer Molten layer Elongated Grains Detonation Direction Trapped Jet Fig 6 Neumann bands in Al-LCS clad Fig 7 Trapped jet and elongated grains in Cu-LCS clad Fig 8 Microstructure of Cu- Ss304 With cu interlayer Conclusion 1.

In the traditional cutting processing, need to use a large number of cutting fluid pouring in cutting area to provide cooling and lubrication, cleaning, scraps discharge, rust functions.
At present, apply to dry cutting tool material basically has super fine cemented carbide, polycrystalline diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), SiC whisker toughening ceramic and nano ceramic materials grain.
Ordinary hard alloy of the average grain size of about 2 ~ 3 μ m, the size of the fine grains is about 1 ~ 2 μ m and super fine grain size is in 0.5 u m below.
This company USES the Ti (C, N) and hard alloy reamer reaming, and use the blade sharp not coating grain hard alloy electroplating and compared, reaming surface finish higher, the cutting tool to live longer.