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The intention is to reduce the number of trials performed, so an important requirement is that every abrasive has to be able to remove completly traces from previous step
- Phase 1: Abrasive P80 grain size
- Phase 2: Abrasive P180 grain size
Abrasive P400 grain size - Phase 4.
Abrasive P1000 grain size - Phase 5.

In the ELID grinding, due to the abrasive fixing in the binding agent, the size of the effective grinding was only 1/3 of the size of abrasive for single particle fixing abrasive grains.
And the abrasive grains was mainly in micro-cutting manner to remove materials, so the broken area was to be smaller; In addition, the grinding wheel surface was formed with a certain thickness and elasticity, which accommodating shedding abrasives passivation film and becoming a good flexible polishing film[2].
Table 3 Grinding process parameters ELID Grinding Condition Process Coarse Semi-fining Precisio wheel peripheral velocity /(m/s) 16 18 18 Radial feed /(μm/s) 0.8 1 0.1 Axial feed /(μm/s) 1 0.6 0.1 Workpiece speed /(m/s) 20 13 8 Buffing times - - 5 electrolysis gap /mm 0.5~1 0.5 0.5 In the grinding process, owing to GCr15 bearing steel hardness and the grinding force are big, as well as grinding temperature is high and work hardening tendency is serious, thus grinding temperature is lower by reducing feed when finishing and semi-finishing; And by improving the grinding wheel line speed, the grinding force of the effective abrasive grains is reduced so as to achieve the purpose of enhancing the surface quality.
This because that,with the increases of the wheel peripheral velocity , an increase is in the number of abrasive grains of the grinding area per unit time through, which result in declining in the cutting force of the single particle and less scratches left on the surface of the workpiece when grinding.
In the grinding process,the passivation film of the electrolytic formation can be attached to the wheel surface,which inhibits grindstone excessive electrolysis and a flexible passivation film which financial the delinking detached abrasive grains.With the high speed rotation of the oxide film ,in the light grinding the stage,can be achieved to be processed without positive pressure flexible impact polishing on the surface of the material.

The framework structure of potassium feldspar was made up of T-O4（T=Si, Al）tetrahedron through sharing angularpoint, and potassium ions with coordination number 9 or 10 were located in large framework void.
Grain size distribution of main minerals in shales was shown in Table 5.
And mica-type clay minerals with low hardness were disseminated and fine-grained, which were easy to produce secondary slime in the process of grinding.
However, potassium feldspar was of coarse grain, greater free surface of which could be produced in the process of coarse grinding.
Table 5 Grain size distribution of main minerals in shales Particle size Potassium feldspar/mm Muscovite /mm Biotite /mm Illite /mm Quartz /mm Hematite /mm P10 22.71 10.09 9.57 9.88 15.24 9.05 P20 36.37 11.12 10.45 10.74 22.06 11.14 P50 78.74 17.39 14.61 15.47 41.24 18.98 P80 131.60 27.74 25.22 24.93 70.78 46.37 P90 158.58 35.11 36.93 32.40 89.55 104.13 Conclusion The ore containing potassium were red argillaceous shale with horizontal bedding structure.

Although recrystallization caused a significant increase in grain size, the crystalline films showed only a slight increase in the grain size with increasing annealing temperatures.
This was associated with increased grain faceting, which was supported by the X-ray diffraction data.
FESEM images showed that there were large numbers of TiO2 nanorod assembled on TNRs substrates, while the surface of polished Ti was rather smooth with a few scratches (Fig. 2(a) and (b)).
Polycrystalline TiO2 grains were formed randomly with diameters in hundreds of nanometers.
According to prior reports, various factors affect the photoactivity of TiO2 photocatalysts, including crystallinity, grain size, specific surface area, surface morphology and surface state (surface OH radicals).

The grain size of liposomes was measured by the ZETA potentiometric analyzer via the ZETAPLUS produced by the Brookhaven company.
The experimental parameters as follow: the pressure 25MPa, pH value of the solution 7, phospholipids 0.036g, metronidazole 0.8022mg/ml, investigating the effect of temperature on liposome grain size and coating ratio.
The grain size was about 240~350nm.
The experimental parameters as follow, the pressure: 25Mpa; the temperature: 313K; phospholipids: 0.036g, metronidazole: 0.8022mg/ml,investigating the effect of PH value on liposome grain size and coating ratio.
Foundation item: the national natural science funds (funding number: 21106010). * Communication contact: LiuXueWu, dalian university of technology, associate professor, liuxuewu@dlut.edu.cn.

Introduction Ultrafine polycrystal oxides with grain size in the nanometer range have received much attention because of the relationships observed between properties and microstructure [1-3].
The number of collisions increases with increasing working pressure [5] and causes the increase of charge exchange between Zr ions and O2 molecules.
From XRD patterns, the average grain size of the films could be evaluated by using Scherrer equation [14].
Fig. 3 shows the dependence of average grain size on working pressure.
In particular, the films consist of nano-sized crystallites and the average grain sizes are within 15 nm even at high working pressure (e.g. 3.2 × 10-4 Torr).

In the state of saturation of the magnetization, the vectors have the same direction and the domain walls disappear, forming a single domain inside each grain.
Ferromagnetic materials have microstructural barriers that influence the movement of the domain walls, such as inclusions, dislocations and grain boundaries.
This causes grain refinement and precipitation hardening.
Results and Discussion It is observed in the as received condition the aligned granular bainite and polygonal ferrite grains, typical of steels obtained by thermomechanical processing [3], but in the transverse direction there was not occurrence of grain preferential direction, see figure 1a.
The compressive stresses, on the other hand, favors the formation of closure domains, reducing the number of domain walls of 180º [8].

Firstly, a centroidal Voronoi model was adopt to divide the entire blank into small subareas which represent grains on the blank.
At low hydraulic pressure, there was only one grain in the radial direction on the surface layer.
All elements on the blank were reassigned their part ID number according to their positional relationship with the subareas.
The wrinkling tendency was sensitive to the material properties which can be expressed by a ratio of blank thickness to the grain size.
With low temperature annealing, the blank had small grains and weak wrinkles owning to the high ratio.

Symmetry analysis shows that for the R-3 the number of Raman modes are 8 (4Ag + 4Eg), whereas 24 modes are Raman allowed for P21/n (12Ag +12Bg ) and Pnma (7Ag + 5B1g +7B2g +5B3g ) structures.
The dielectric relaxations in R2NiMnO6 were explained on the basis of combined grain and grain boundary effects [6].
Dielectric relaxation arising from the grains is due to the electron hopping between Ni /Mn ions.
The dielectric relaxation arising from the grains is due to the electron hopping between Ni /Mn ions.
At higher temperatures, the intrinsic contribution is further suppressed by the enhanced extrinsic effects (due to grain boundary and electrode/sample interface), which results in unusual MD effects [11].

After reaction using temperature and pressure an intermetallic compound with nanometric grain size will be formed and it must promote the bonding between the coated parts.
According to previous results, after deposition the Ni/Al reactive multilayers consist in alternated nickel- and aluminium-rich layers with nanometric grain sizes where the interfaces are solid solutions of Ni and Al as a result of intermixing [7,8].
The interfaces were examined by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), under atomic number contrast, and chemically analysed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) at an accelerating voltage of 15 keV.
Results and Discussion The as-deposited thin films consisted in alternated Al- and Ni-rich layers with nanometric grain size as evidenced in the transmission electron microscopy image (TEM) of Fig 1.
Although during heat treatment the grain growth is promoted, the grain size is still nanometric or submicrometric remaining significantly lower than that of the base materials [8].