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The number of pulses was 3 and 10.
Research Results and Discussion The structure of the initial silumin specimens consists of grains of Al-based solid solution containing silicon and other alloying elements, grains of lamellar Al-Si eutectic, and precipitates of intermetallic compounds and silicon [5, 6].
In the grain volume of the substrate, a dislocation substructure is detected (Fig. 2, a, section 2).
An optimum electron beam treatment mode for the TiCuN coating – silumin substrate system was found to be that with an electron beam energy density of 10 J/cm2 and number of pulses of 10.

The rollers were manufactured from ShKh15 (1 C-1.5 Cr-0.3 Mn-0.2 Si) bearing steel with the profile radius of working part – 5 mm, diameter – 40 mm The treatment regime of rolling was: the specimens rotated with velocity of 3.3 rev/s, the longitudinal feed of the roller  0.11 mm/rev, the number of passes – 3.
The phase composition and average grain size of the surface layers of specimens after MPT+R were studied on the diffractometer DRON-3.
The fatigue life curves were constructed in coordinates: stress – the number of cycles before the damage.
At that time carbon localizes on the grain boundaries and intensifies theirs interatomic interaction [15].
a b Fig. 1 Microstructure (a) of 60Kh2M steel and microhardness (b) of 50KhN (1) and 60Kh2M (2) roll steels after MPT+R The grain size on surface was 25-30 nm what confirmed NCS of surfaced layer.

Then the images captured were processed by professional software - TEMA Lite package (unfortunately with limited to ten number of particles tracked in time).
This is a result both of the normal carrier gas velocity profile and of the dynamic phenomena occurring between grains transported in quite big concentration, too.
The bounced back grains slow down and their track chaotically changes what causes the particles jet cone expansion.As was observed on recorded short movies, some particles accelerate much whilst others significantly slow down (the acceleration characteristics were analyzed during the experiments, too).
Fig. 2 The snapshot of air-polypropylene jet for p1 = 0.1 MPa and p4, = 0.02MPa and particles velocity graph; the numbers 1-8 indicate the powder particles chosen for image analysis.
This is particularly visible for the so-called slip coefficient which shows the dependence between carrier gas and transported particles velocities.This difference indicates that carrier gas accelerates the material grains to a much lesser extent that was previously thought.

It is especially important to achieve a high mechanical strength and since this is favored by a fine-grained microstructure, the aim is to produce a glass ceramic containing crystals of small dimensions which are closely interlocked.
The production of large numbers of small crystals rather than a smaller number of relatively coarse crystal poses the requirement for efficient nucleation stage of the heat treatment.
Fig. 1 indicate that there is an optimum duration of 5 hours heat treatment process at 550 °C with 10 % of weight of silver in order to produce a green glass ceramic having the finest-grained microstructure and highest mechanical properties of hardness which is about 213.6 Hv.
It is strongly dependent upon the optimum %wt. of silver act as nucleated agent with suitable heat treatment temperature to control the crystal growth with finest-grained microstructure.

Wave number：σ/cm-1 1：Oleic acid+ Si3N4 2：Si3N4 3：Oleic acid Wave number：σ/cm-1 Fig.1 Surface roughness as a function wheel speed Fig.2 Organic infrared spectroscopy testing for various feed rates (depth of cut 40mm) [4] results of Si3N4 ceramics surface[6] New processing methods High-speed and ultra-high speed grinding process is considered to one of being able to obtain high removal rate as well as effective economic methods.
Single grain can reduce the maximum undeformed chip thickness when the wheel speed is increase, so that the grinding force and the surface roughness get decreased, that is to provide conditions that improve the material removal rate and surface quality of materials.
As for the requirements of efficient processing which on ultra-smooth surface without damage, such as silicon nitride ceramics for hard and brittle machining, a Semi-bonded machining technology of abrasive are proposed [17]( Fig. 4 - 5).Abrasive grain is in a state of Semi-bonded , having a "trap" effect between hard abrasive surface and the large particles, namely when the hard and large particles penetrated make the abrasive into the surface, initiative to prevent or reduce the large particles damaging the processing surface.
The current ultra-precision machining of silicon nitride ceramic method, no longer confined to the diamond grinding wheel, but rather extended to study a variety of grain grinding wheel.

In the present work, gold nanoparticle (Au NPs) was synthesis by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) by using Q-switched, (Nd: YAG) (E=80mJ) (λ=532,1064nm) and Number of pulses (500)pulse of the gold metal target in deionized water.
Formation of the pure Gold nanoparticles is confirmed using AFM image analysis whose showed that generated Au nanoparticles were a spherical shape whit average size in nanoscale, It also showed results in atomic force microscope results show that the grain size increase by decreasing wavelength.
Laser ablation is done at (E= 80mJ, λ= 532nm, 1064nm), The number of laser shots applied at (500) pulses. to the metal target surface morphologies of the films were analyzed using an atomic force microscope (AFM), the nanoparticle solution absorbance spectra measured by (Uv-Vis) type (SP8001), The experimental setup of the PLAL process was shown as in Fig.1 Fig. 1 Show Experimental setup for nanoparticles synthesis by PLAL Results and Discussion AFM Morphology Figure 2,3 displays images of the atomic force microscope in 2D,3D and the cumulative statistical distribution of Au NPs produced in DDDW by PLAL method using Nd-YAG laser respectively.

A number of studies[2-4] have revealed that the detrimental oxides such as chromia, nickel oxide and spinel phases formed in the TGO layer, which would result in the coating degradation.
Needle-like grain were observed on the APS BC surface, which was a typical morphology for θ-Al2O3 (Fig.3(b)).
While for VHT BC, after 2min oxidation, a compact oxide scales formed, needle-like grain(Fig.3(c)) was observed.
After 2h oxides layer showed fine grained((Fig.3(d)), a typical structure of α-Al2O3 appeared, the oxide scale was compact, which can suppress the oxidation reaction effectively.
oxide particle (a) θ-Al2O3 (b) porous α-Al2O3 (d) (c) needle-like grain Fig.3 TGO morphology of APS BC and VHT BC after different oxidation time (a) APS BC, 2min (b) APS BC, 2h (c) VHT BC, 2min (d) VHT BC, 2h After the oxidation time increasing form 96h to 120h, the obviously thickening of TGO in APS TBC can be found if compared Fig.4(a) with Fig.4(b).

The carbon content of the added value and impact toughness of the change in the number between numerical exist in the following relations (see Fig. 1) : carbon content every 0.1% increase, under normal temperature, the ak value lower 39.23 ~ 41.19 J/cm2, this also is equivalent to reduce 15℃ ~ 20 ℃ temperature when the lower impact toughness.
When the carbon content of the constant, manganese content increased, the work-harden performance, and reduce the wear resistance, and a coarse grain and crack the tendency. 2.3.3.
Silicon content increased since the carbide grain boundary along the separation, and that grain internal carbide separation increased, and silicon carbide has changed the role of morphology, the plastic have significantly reduced; When silicon content is for a little while and carbide often with a needle flake; When silicon content increased to 0.8 ℅, carbide is massive, so steel of silicon mechanical properties and wear resistance of the influence of more complex [2,3,4,5,6,7]. 3.
Metallographic Test 45Mn steel forging state will sample after treatment, after no. 0-4 quartz sand sand paper the coarse grinding process, then the polishing machine after polishing and surface cleaning sample with alcohol, with 3% ethanol solution of nitric acid corrosion, with alcohol sponge to wipe away clean, again in the vertical microscope organization, determined for austenitic grain boundary with a small amount on carbon, internal organization is better.

Big grains of M1 contain a considerable fraction of carbides.
It seems that the carbon content of the small grains of M1 partitioned to the surrounding austenite and that there is no visible carbide precipitation inside them.
By increasing QT, the grain size of M1 decreases and therefore the volume fraction of the carbide decreases.
Also, as a result of the fine grain size of M1, the QT200 microstructure had a lower carbide fraction and therefore the strength of the M1 is lower in comparison to QT180 microstructure.
Acknowledgments This research was carried out under the project number M41.10.11437 in the framework of the Research Program of the Materials innovation institute M2i (www.m2i.nl).

The XRD data in this study were compared with BaTiO3 phase (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) data file number 06-0399 [12]) because the Ba(Zr0.05Ti0.95)O3 in this research has only a small amount of Zr.
The porosity decreased with increasing CuO additive content and the microstructure of the ceramics becomes denser (Fig. 4 (b), (c), (d) and (e)) and their grain morphologies are more homogeneous.
The highest density was found in the BZT+2.0 mol% CuO ceramic was 5.76 g/cm3, which corresponds well to the SEM results (Fig. 4 (e)) in which a highly dense grain-packing was observed.
The porosity of surface microstructure of these ceramics decreased with increasing CuO additive content, resulting in denser ceramics and a more homogeneous grain morphologies.
Chan, Effects of grain size on the dielectric properties and tunabilities of sol–gel derived Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 ceramics, Solid State Commun., Vol. 131 (2004) 163-168