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Shape Memory Alloys Fundamentals The studies with NiTi alloys, with shape memory effect, also denominated Nitinol, started in 1967, with Buehler and Wang.
Besides the NiTi alloys, other alloy compositions with shape memory effect were also studied; as for the stainless alloys, Fe-Mn-Si (Cr-Ni) and Fe-Mn-S (Cr-Ni-Co), and the metallic alloys Cu-Zn, Ti-Nb, Ni-Al, Au-Cu-Zn and Cu-Al-Ni [25].
The development of a mathematical model for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of a composite reinforced by alloys with shape memory was presented in [69], with the aim to analyze the acoustic behavior of the material.
Applications of the Shape Memory Alloys The applications of shape memory alloys are diverse.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 541 (2012). pp. 407

A case study of an abrasive belt grinding performance applied on nickel-based superalloy GH4169 in manufacturing processes is presented, aiming to investigate the possibility of using belt grinding as a operation for components made of nickel-based superalloy GH4169.
Introduction Superalloy, also called heat-resistant alloy, has high strength, excellent thermal stability and thermal fatigue resistance. 
Due to the especially characteristics of superalloy, including multi component alloy, low thermal conductivity, high hardness in high temperature, and containing a large amount of carbides, nitrides, oxides, metallic compounds and so on, and then resulted in poorly grinding performance as follows:1) Normally, the grinding ratio G is very low with wheel grinding, just only 1~2, and resulted in more serious abrasion wear and adhesion blocking when grinding the superalloy;2) Strong plastic deformation is easily produced, so the grinding force is much larger than others;3) The heat, induced into the workpiece, is relatively low, and then concentrated in the thin surface layer, so the grinding temperature is very high;4) Because of the comprehensive effect of grinding force and temperature, the surface quality is difficult to be guaranteed.
Kwong, et al: Journal of materials processing technology, 209(2009)1843-1852 [3]P.H.
Sura, et al: Journal of materials processing technology, 182 (2007) 498–511 [5] P.K.

Introduction The increasing demand for titanium alloys in the aerospace industry has resulted in the requirement to increase machining speed and consequently the material removal rate.
Consequently, the cutting speed is very low for conventional machining of titanium alloys [4].
Therefore, machining of titanium alloys is a high- cost and time consuming.
The TiAlSiN2 film is a compound formed by a bottom Ti50Al50N layer covered by a superficial Ti90Si10N one.
Yamane: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 134 (2003), p. 233

Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials Vol. 9 © 2001 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Structure and thermal stability of ball-milled Fe-FeOxide mixtures E.
Berti Pichat 6/2, I- 40127 Bologna, Italy Keywords: Mechanical alloying; Binary Oxides; Phase transformations; X-ray diffraction.
In the production of compounds, chemical reactions are generally induced and are driven by the energy transferred during the milling process [2].
The aim of this research work is to gain an insight into how the different mechanical energy transfer of two different milling devices (a mixer/shaker mill and a planetary ball mill) may affect the synthesis process and the features of the final products.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 pure metals, resulting in a lower annihilation rate of defects during the initial stages of the grain refinement [4].

Aim was to create a temperature gradient from the inner cavity to the outside to reduce creep damages of the casting die.
Joseph, Copper and copper alloys, ASM international handbook, ASM, 2001
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 41 (2013) 60-65
Eustathopoulos, The role of compound formation in reactive wetting: the Cu/SiC system, Acta Materialia 48 (2000) 4483-4491
Marín, Wettting of silicon carbide by copper alloys, Journal of Materials Science 38 (2003) 4047-4054

The aim of this work is to investigate hydrophobic silica coating on cooper surface by electrophoretic deposition.
Boccaccini, Electrophoretic deposition: From traditional ceramics to nanotechnology, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 28 (2008) 1353-1354 [7] Y.
Saji, One-step electrophoretic deposition for the preparation of superhydrophobic silica particle/trimethylsiloxysilicate composite coatings, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 362 (2011) 560–564 [10] Q.
Hyun, Optimization of instantaneous solvent exchange-surface modification process for ambient synthesis of monolithic silica aerogels, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 322 (2008) 225
Koebel, Synthesis and characterization of transparent hydrophobic silica thin films by single step sol–gel process and dip coating , Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 496 (2010) 436 [13] D.B.

After high-efficient melt-treatment, inclusions in the samples exist uniformly in the tiny flake/particle form, and their number is very few (Fig. 1 [c]), and grain appears in the fine equiaxed form (Fig. 2 [c]), and Fe-rich phases transform into tiny, sphere/short stick form (Fig. 3 [c]), EDAX analysis has shown that the phases are turned into complex (AlFeSiRE) compounds.
Vol. 12 (2000, 12), p. 25 [2] Wu keyi: Light Alloy Fabrication Technology (in Chin.)
Vol. 6 (1998), p. 13 [3] Zhong Jue: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals (in Chin.)
Vol. 9 (1999), p. 51 [9] Fu Gaosheng and Kang Jixing: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals (in Chin.)
Vol. 11 (2001), p. 433 [10] Fu Gaosheng, Sun Fengsan and Ren Liying: Journal of Rare Earths Vol. 20 (2002), p. 61 [11] Fu Gaosheng, Chen Wenzhe and Qian Kuangwu: Journal of Rare Earths Vol. 21 (2003), p. 571 [12] Fu Gaosheng and Chen Wenzhe: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals (in Chin.)

Data-driven Based Temperature Prediction of Ferroalloy Electric Furnace Smelting Process Zhang Niaona1, a, Liu Xu2,b 1Changchun University of Technology, Yan`an street, NO. 2055,Changchun, Jilin province,130012 China 2Changchun University of Technology, Yan`an street, NO. 2055,Changchun, Jilin province,130012 China aemail: zhangniaona@mail.ccut.edu.cn, bemail:357196215@qq.com Keywords: the smelting process, data-driven, temperature prediction model, alloy content.
Aiming at the features of nonlinearity, time delay, high dimension, big noise and others in the electric furnace smelting process, and the smelting process parameters some control process needs cannot be obtained by sensors, so the online parameter prediction method is of great significance for dynamic optimization control of system.
Network Weights,Embedding Dimension And Optimization For Time Delay Parameter In this paper genetic algorithms is adopted to achieve simultaneous optimization for the parameters.By constructing the compound chaotic discrete sequence of the crucible temperature,carbon content and silicon content as inputs of the model,prediction error reaching the minimum as the optimization objective,optimization for parameters of the model is achieved,and the optimized model is the crucible temperature multivariate prediction model of the smelting process.The concrete realization process is as follows: 1)编码 Code.
Simulation Analysis To validate the proposed method in this paper,we choose the electric arc furnace smelting manganese silicon alloy parameters from eighth branch of Jilin Ferroalloy Co.
Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2007, 34(3): 241-247 [2] Gao C H, Zhou Z M,Qian J X.Chaotic identification and prediction of silicon content in hot metal.Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2010,12(5):35-46 [3] Zhang Y,Guan W 2009 Acta Phys.

The present study aimed at the development of new artificial golden-colored pigments which are thermally stable up to 900 o C and can be used for coloring ceramics wares.
[5] Shinya Furukawa, Toshiyuki Masui, Nobuhito Imanaka, Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 451 (2008), p. 640
[7] Seong-Hyeon Hong, Dong-Won Lee, Byoung-Kee Kim, Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 100 (2000), p. 105

Previous studies had shown that a promising material could be obtained by mixing aluminium-rich sludge with slate powder (with Al2O3:SiO2 molar proportion of 2:1), shaping by uniaxial pressing and sintering at 1300o C, in order both to detoxify the sludge by fixing the metals in a leach-resistant ceramic matrix and to yield a new material from the reactions of the above compounds at high temperature.
Since the sludges resulting from the effluent treatment in plants responsible for surface treatments on aluminium alloys are rich in aluminium hydroxide, it is to be expected that they may react with silica-based materials, producing mullite or improving the mullite content in the final product.
This work aims at making possible the re-use of these wastes and obtaining a new promising material.
Martinez and J.M.Torralba: Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol. 24 (2004), p.811