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The crystalline fraction (Xc) was calculated by integration of the melting endotherm (∆H), using the literature data for the enthalpy of fusion of PET in the fully crystalline state of 140 J/g (∆H100%c) [4], following the equations 1 and 2 shown below.
Permeation measurements Water vapor permeability data were determined by the microgravimetric method based on the ASTM norm E 96-90 [5].
For samples IT03, IT05 and IT08 it can be observed a progressive permeability decrease with a maximum reduction of 50% in permeability for the IT08 sample compared to pure PET.
As consequence, the 0 5 10 15 20 9 8 7 6 5 4 wt.% organoclay P [g/(Pa*s*m)]*10 -10 0 5 10 15 20 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Pr organoclay (wt%)reduction in permeability, despite of significant, can still be improved in these systems.
In a previous work, using the same process conditions but different organoclays, Boesel and Pessan [3] obtained permeability reductions of up to 30% (7 wt% clay).

To this end, the present work reports on the bulk and local stored energies of an interstitial free (IF) steel first subjected ECAP and then further cold rolled down to 95% and 25% thickness reductions at ambient and liquid nitrogen temperatures respectively.
The as-ECAP billets were then cold rolled along their extrusion direction for up to 95% and 25% thickness reductions at ambient and liquid nitrogen temperatures, respectively.
With greater cold rolling reduction the boundaries are increasingly aligned to the rolling direction while the microstructure records higher aspect ratio substructures.
(a) (b) Fig. 3: Normalised (a) (110) and (b) (211) peaks from XRD data.
The lattice strain (e in Table 1) of 0.13-0.32% is an order of magnitude higher than the one for coarse grained materials, however it matches the 0.3% recorded for as-HPT Armco iron [19]. lE values of 550 1 mol.J − agree with the 3-15 1 mol.J − reported for 88% cold rolled ultra high purity iron based on Xray data [3] and 5-25 1 mol.J − reported for 80% cold rolled Ti-IF steel from neutron diffraction analysis [6].

The Effect of Ni Doping Variations on the Microstructure and Conductivity of LiNixFe1-xPO4 /C Composite Materials Mochamad Zainuri1.a, Ega Novialent1.b, Triwikantoro1.c 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia a zainuri@physics.its.ac.id , beganovialent394@gmail.com, ctriwi@physics .its.ac.id, Keywords: Doping, composites, coating , conductivity, microstructure Abstract.
The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode can be improved by several methods such as carbon coating, particle size reduction, and cation doping [2,3].
In previous studies, carbon coating on LFP can increase its electrical conductivity to the order of 10-4 S/cm. while size reduction can improve the performance of LFP due to the reduced transfer distance of Li ions.Ion doping is considered to improve its electrochemical properties.
Summary Based on the results of data processing, it was found that the XRD analysis of the LiNixFe1-xPO4/C precursor showed that the LiFePO4, Li3Fe2PO4 and Fe2O3 phases were formed.
Kang, Fabrication of promising LiFePO4/C composite with a core–shell structure by a moderate in situ carbothermal reduction method, Electrochimica Acta. 70 (2012) 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta. 2012.02.102

This was necessary since the application of a voltage to the piezoelectric actuator leads to an increase in curvature of the piezoelectric-laminate combination, requiring a reduction in XR to ensure it was correctly constrained.
The laminate used to generate the data presented in this paper was over 1 year old and ageing resulted in a deviation from the expected purely cylindrical curvature of bistable laminates, observed by Schultz et al. [2,6].
Following a peak and subsequent reduction in force (Point X) a partial snap-through occurs as one side of the sample reverses its curvature.
Snap-through from State-A to State-B is completed when the second half of the laminate reverses curvature following a second peak and subsequent reduction in force (Point Y).
However, based on the data presented no clear relationship exists between drive-voltage and laminate stiffness under two-axis.

Mechanical properties including yield stress (YS), ultimate tensile stress (UTS), area reduction (AR), tensile elongation (TE) and uniform elongation (UE) were determined according to the Russian government standard GOST 1497-84.
At the same time area reduction of the SMC condition is about two times higher than that of the MC and CG conditions.
It should also be noted that a broad scatter can be seen in the experimental data of the SMC alloy at 350°C while the other points are well approximated by straight lines.
Ductility of the SMC alloy in terms of area reduction is much higher than that of the two other conditions while tensile elongation of all conditions is very similar.
Those data demonstrate maximum operating temperature of the SMC condition where SMC Ti-6Al4V alloy has advantages over other conditions of the alloy.

The impedance measurement was carried out at 700 ˚C after reduction of anode for 2 h in humid hydrogen atmosphere.
The measured impedance value was divided by two to obtain the half cell data.
During the reduction process, crystal lattice oxygen was lost, causing the change of Ti4+ to Ti3+.
Nevertheless, Bi2O3 can be reduced to Bi metal in the temperature-programmed reduction using hydrogen [23].
The measured impedance values were divided by two to obtain the half cell data [27].

Even in a purely elastic condition, these two effects progressively increase until the rate of reduction in section modulus perfectly balances the rate of increase in stress, and the bending moment reaches a peak value at snap-through buckling.
Under elastic conditions, the elastic imperfection reduction factor α describes the loss of strength due to geometric nonlinearity and imperfection sensitivity (from Eq. 1 to Eq. 10).
These cannot be compared with traditional lower bound curves on experimental data because the amplitude of the imperfection in most experiments remains unknown.
Fig. 7: Alternative form of capacity curves for cylinders in bending with different imperfection amplitudes (constant yield stress and changing r/t) The same data is shown in the alternative form of the capacity curve in Fig. 7.
The elastic imperfection reduction factor α is closely represented by Eq. 13: (13) The plastic range factor β is accurately modelled by Eq. 14: (14) and the interaction exponent η may be closely represented by Eq. 15: (15) These expressions can be implemented in design if the anticipated imperfection amplitude is defined, as required in [7], considering the Fabrication Quality Class and geometric parameters of the shell.

The SBN produced using the 100:0 mixture had a reduction in green density from 2.28 g/cm3 at point 7 to 2.22 g/cm3 at point 1.
The SBN produced from the70:30 mixture had a density reduction from 2.34 g/cm3 at point 7 to 2.27 g/cm3 at point 1.
Both mixtures followed the expected trend of green density reduction as the distance from the punch was increased, from point 7 to 1.
The reason for this difference is unknown, though it may be due to larger error in the simple shape sintering shrinkage data which resulted from the experimental method used to determine density.
As a result, the simple shrinkage data could not be used alone to determine the expected shrinkage of the complex shape SBN.

However, it was revealed that the increase of the strength in these ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials was accompanied by a reduction of the tensile ductility due to the lost of strain hardening capacity of the samples [2].
Isothermal annealing at these temperatures for 5 min resulted in 5-10% hardness reduction, indicating that this heat-treatment yielded only a moderate structural relaxation [4].
The open circles and the solid line represent the measured data and the fitted curves, respectively.
The symbols and the solid lines represent the measured data and the fitted curves, respectively.
The improvement of the ductility is attributed to the heterogeneous microstructure in the Cu matrix since the reduction of the dislocation density in some regions increased the strain hardening capacity of the material.

Recently, the intense pulsed light from a xenon lamp was emerged as a novel technique to sintering copper ink and has some advantages, including (i) high speed sintering with several milliseconds, (ii) large area for sintering, (iii) reduction of copper oxide shell by reaction with the polymer material under ambient condition [13-16].
From the XRD data, crystallized metallic Cu and Cu2O diffraction peaks were found at 29.6º, 35.7º,36.6º,38.8 º,42.4 º43.2 º,50.4 º,61.5 º, 74.2 º.
It should be noted that IPL irradiation on the dry copper nanoparticles without PVP coating was not able to remove Cu2O; From the XRD data, the diffraction peak at 43.2 º and 50.4 ºwere found after IPL treatment which correspond to formation of crystallized metallic copper.
Mater. 18(2006) 2101–2104 [5] Kang B, Han S, Kim J, Ko S, Yang M, One-Step Fabrication of Copper Electrode by Laser-Induced Direct Local Reduction and Agglomeration of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle, J.
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