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Such problems often take into account additional factors, such as medium resistance, turbulence, or interaction between particles [15].
It is important not only to visualize the trajectories, but also to study in detail the changes in the position of particles, which depend on time and the interaction between various forces affecting the system.
The position along the y and z axes does not change, which indicates the absence of forces or influences affecting these directions.
Chen, Microstructure, mechanical properties and machinability of particulate reinforced Al matrix composites: a comparative study between SiC particles and high-entropy alloy particles.
Huliieva, Prediction of the structural properties of powder materials by 3D modeling methods.

Tire-pavement noise generation is affected by a number of factors, such as type and size of tire, tire tread pattern, vehicle speed, wheel load, and pavement surface characteristics [2,3].
Although past experimental efforts allow the development of empirical relationships between tire-pavement noise and the factors affecting noise, they do not provide detailed engineering information (such as spatial, temporal and frequency distributions of sound pressure as well as sound pressure variations in the nearby field) which is essential for an in-depth understanding tire-pavement noise generation mechanisms.
Table 1 describes the identified tire stiffness parameters which produces eigen-frequencies along circumference from simulation in close agreement with the measured eigen-frequencies of tires with similar properties, as shown in Fig. 3.
The properties of air at 20 oC are used in the paper.
Key material properties include: dynamic viscosity = 1.51 x 10-5 kg/m.s, bulk modulus = 142 kPa and density = 1.205 kg/m3 [14].

Building up the 3D numerical analysis and computing model, force properties of buried pipelines under vibration loads induced by bridge pile foundation construction were researched, to evaluate and control the influence of construction vibration on adjacent buried pipeline.
Introduction With the large number of highway, railway and other infrastructure construction, impact loads caused by bridge pile foundation construction gave rise to inevitable disturbance to the surrounding adjacent buried pipeline, affecting the normal use and safety operation of buried pipeline adversely.
In recent years, it has been paid more attention to the third party interference of buried pipeline, such as response under the action of dynamic blasting vibration [1,2], rockfall impact loading [3,4], and traffic loads[5].At present, like the mechanical impact problems of the dynamic compaction and punching pile construction, it focused more on the study of the dynamic characteristics of soil, and paid less attention to the research on vibration response of underground structures, such as buried pipelines.
It mainly considered variation factors of pipeline buried depth, source location, pipeline and vibration level spacing effecting on stress, displacement and the vibration velocity of the buried pipeline.
Tab.3 Pipeline response values along level distance It can be seen from Tab.4, the factor of level distance affecting pipeline was significantly higher than others, especially when impacting close to the buried pipeline.

Many factors influence the effectiveness of traditional binders used for soil stabilization, including anions present in the soil and carbonates.
Introduction Factors affecting the use of traditional binders as stabilizing agents continue to be the subject of many advancements.
Effect of industrial wastes on the physical and engineering properties of soils.
Alcover, Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil.
Fagel, Swelling properties and lime stabilization of N'Gaous expansive marls, NE Algeria.

Unlike functional properties of nano-materials conventional materials, determine their rapid development of related technology and its broad application space.
ROS generation is a major factor in causing inflammation and nano-particle toxicity [1].
Nano-materials can enter via the olfactory nerve synapses and migrate to the olfactory bulb of the brain, affecting the brain monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism, cause central nervous system macrophage inflammatory protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein and mRNA levels of neural cell adhesion molecule increased, resulting in damage to brain tissue pathology, resulting in neurotoxicity [2].
Nano exterior paint mainly use nano-materials sparse binary synergistic mechanism of double lotus leaf, with its low surface tension, adhesion ability and high hardness and high toughness characteristics, aimed at strengthening the self-cleaning facades, anti-dust, anti-dirt adhesion, UV resistance and color retention properties.
Description monofilament Nano CaCO3 filled in the mechanical properties of tensile force and elongation at break and drying shrinkage and so far more than the performance of similar mainstream products.

The hybrid HMM/ANN system uses ANN, usually a Multi-layer Perceptron ANN, to integrate the multi-stream inputs as feature transformation, whose goal is to take the advantages from the properties of both HMM and ANN.
Because this transitional process is affected by various random factors, and the features of its vibration signals have poor repeatability and reproducibility, the abundant information, non-stationary, poor repeatability and reproducibility in this process make it is necessary to find a corresponding approach of feature extraction and cutting chatter monitoring.
Generally, the input/output properties of one node should be selected as a continuous differentiable function for the sake of the training procedure.
Hwang: Mechanical Signal Analysis Using Hidden Markov Model.
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.

In the early stage, they have been used for the investigation of material properties, and nowadays, they have expanded their application to many fields of the science and engineering, which are nano lithography [2], nano storage system [3], and so on.
The AFM can use not only conducting materials but also non-conducting materials, since the force between the nano tip and the test material is used for measuring the material properties.
The ZnO properties and the feature of the HAR nano tip are investigated.
And the interaction caused by the cantilever may affect the ferroelectric material and distort the domain information as seen in Figure 1 (a).
In the case of the ZnO piezoelectric layer, the c-axis orientation is one of the most important factors of piezoelectric property.

Since data of single-crystal material are scarce, thermal properties of Ni-based superalloy are directly used from previous publications
Various factors combination, i.e. low laser power and slow welding speed, restricts further improvement of heat input to importantly contribute to interface-controlled epitaxial growth of columnar morphology and ameliorate thermo- metallurgical ingredient for growth kinetics of γ phase.
Nucleation and growth of stray grain formation is considerably hindered by combination of low heat input and (001)/[100] welding configuration with mitigation of thermo-metallurgical factors for solidification cracking.
Microstructural response of heat-affected zone cracking of prewelding heat-treated Inconel 939 superalloy.
The effect of laser scanning strategies on texture, mechanical properties and site-specific grain orientation in selective laser melted 316 L SS.

Furthermore, the corrosion process of the steel leads to substantial reduction of the cross-section of the rebar in concrete and, as a result, to deleterious effects on the mechanical properties of the overall structure[1].
The factors affecting the durability of concrete and their relationship were confirmed by the "Design Guideline for Durable Concrete’s Structures" of CEB European Committee for Concrete published in 1989, and the corrosion of the reinforcing steel due to chloride ions is as the main reason, which takes up 33 percent of the durability damage of concrete[2].
One of the factors is the ability to hinder the permeation, which is determined by the porosity and the pore size distribution of the concrete, and the other one is the physical and chemical bonding force.
Factors Affecting Diffusion of Chloride Ion in Mortar System[J].Journal of Building Materials, 2008,11（3）:328-333.
Influence of phosphate slag on hydration properties and pore structure of cement paste [J].

Huang 2c 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK 2 Division of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK a y.daud@mech.gla.ac.uk, b m.lucas@mech.gla.ac.uk, c z.y.huang@dundee.ac.uk Keywords: Ultrasonics, Compression Tests, Aluminium Abstract.
The material properties of aluminium, derived from prior compression tests, were; Young's modulus 69 GPa, yield stress 60 MPa, Poisson's ratio 0.33.
Factors affecting the mean stress include the physical and chemical properties of the lubricants, thermal properties of the specimen, surface reactivity to the high contact stress and effectiveness of the lubricant application.
[6] Metals Handbooks Vol.8: Mechanical Testing, American Society for Metals (1979)