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Most popular composites in use to date in the metal/mechanical domain are based on Al and Al alloys as matrix and SiC or Al2O3 particles as reinforcing elements.
It was detected the formation of circa 8% liquid already at temperatures around 475°C, which is probably due to the melting of intermetallic compounds, such as M (Al3Mg2), T (AlCuMgZn) and S (Al2CuMg) phases.
Li, Modelling of the Precipitated Phases and Properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys.
Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion.
Zoqui, Thixoforming of A356 alloys produced by different processing routes, Materials Week 2002-ICM Munich-Germany (2002) 22-31

During nitriding, a thin compound layer and a relatively thick diffusion zone are produced on the surface of the component.
Increasing nitriding temperature to 500°C resulted in similar diffusion zone depth but formation of about 2 µm thick g’ (Fe4N) compound layer.
During nitriding nitrogen diffuses in the surface layer of the treated part where due to low solubility of nitrogen in iron it forms nitride precipitates with iron and alloying elements.
Loh: Journal of Heat Treatment Vol. 2 (1982), 232-237 [4] J.
Buttle: International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping Vol. 85 (2008), 118-127 [7] J.Frankel and W.Scholz: Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Vol. 6 (1986), 1577-1584 [8] V.

The widely used bipolar plate material is graphite or graphite compounds [[] Wolf Vielstich, Arnold Lamm and Hubert Gasteiger, Handbook of Fuel Cell-Fundamentals, Technology and Applications.
Chen: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 1409 (2003), p. 688 ,[] D.R.
Power Sources Vol. 96 (2001), p. 233 ], Fe-based alloys and stainless steel [7~9], and Ni-based[] D.P.
Brady et al [9] studied the characteristic of Ni-50Cr and thermally nitrided Ni-50Cr alloys as PEMFC bipolar plates.
Cao: British Corrosion Journal Vol. 36 (2001), p. 179 ], etc.

Results presented in this paper are part of a work aiming to model the microstructure evolution of commercial steels containing vanadium and niobium during austenitisation heat treatments.
This compound has already been identified by micro-diffraction in a low alloy steel [7] and in cast iron [16].
The present approach will also be extended to more complex quaternary alloys in a near future.
Porter: Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy Vol. 6 (1977), p. 19
Medina: Journal Mater.

Journal Citation (to be inserted by the publisher) Copyright by Trans Tech Publications Mechanical Alloying and Thermal Treatment of The Fe-Co-Ag System G.
The final microstructure of the sintered alloys shows FeCo particles surrounded by silver contours.
Introduction The Fe-Co-Ag system is of particular interest for its potential applications as soft magnetic granular alloys formed by small magnetic grains embedded in a non-magnetic metal matrix.
The properties of these alloys are closely related to the microstructure, therefore a detailed study of the transformations occurring during milling was undertaken considering alloys with several equiatomic concentrations of Fe-Co and different Ag content.
It can be observed that the behavior for these two alloys is different.

The main aim of the present research is to study the strength characteristics of cement mortar using Sebha natural clay after sonication is treated as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement OPC.
Ultrasounds have a wide range of uses, such as applications in development of nanoparticles using solutions of different chemical compounds [3].
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of a partial replacement of Portland cement by sonication treated clay. 2.
Journal.
Suresh: Mechanical behaviour of Nano crystal line metals and alloys, Act Material Vol. 51(19) (2003), p. 5743-5774 [8] D.

The aim of this paper is to deposit indium doped zinc oxide thin films using sol-gel spin coating technique.
Shieu, Thickness dependence of the structural, electrical, and optical properties of amorphous indium zinc oxide thin films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 743, (2018) pp. 603-609
Kamata, Conductive indium-doped zinc oxide films prepared by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition, Journal of materials science letters, vol. 16, no. 8, (1997) pp. 629-631
Hashim, Structural, optical, electrical, and photoresponse properties of postannealed Sn-doped ZnO nanorods," Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2013, 2013

Ferrous-based shape memory alloys have yielded comparable performance to that of the more expensive Nickel-Titanium alloys.
Iron-based shape memory alloys for civil engineering structures: An overview.
Complete shape memory effect in polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Si alloys.
Alloys and Compounds, 502 (2010) 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.123 [36] N.
Superelastic Effect in Polycrystalline Ferrous Alloys.

This paper aims to provide an overview of the state of the art in such joining processes, including cold welding, friction stir welding, joining by forming, self-pierce riveting and mechanical clinching.
Lap joining is typically applied to join aluminium-aluminium, aluminium-copper, copper-copper including alloys for electricity supply.
Such joints also provide a good seal. 2-stage shear spinning is used to manufacture compound structures as shown in Fig. 8 [16].
Rotary swaging is also available to manufacturing of the same compound structures.
[41] Abe, Y.; Kato, T.; Mori, K.: Self-Pierce Riveting of Three High Strength Steel and Aluminium Alloy Sheets, International Journal of Material Forming, 2008, Supplement 1, 1, pp. 1271–1274 [42] Settineri, L.; Atzeni, E.; Ippolito, R.: Self Piercing Riveting for Metal-Polymer Joints, International Journal of Material Forming, 2010, Supplement 1, 3, pp. 995–998 [43] Fratini, L.; Ruisi, V.F.: Self-Piercing Riveting for Aluminium Alloys-Composites Hybrid Joints, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2009, 43, pp. 61–66 [44] Liebig, P.; Beyer, R.: Press Joining of Especially Coated Steel and Aluminium Sheets, Advanced Technology of Plasticity, Springer-Verlag, 1987, 2, pp. 933–940 [45] Varis, J.P.: The Suitability of Round Clinching Tools for High Strength Structural Steel.

Nano-technology is a high-tech industry, which aims to explore and work at atoms and molecules [2].
Therefore, a number of investigations are concentrated on examining the influence of tungsten carbide on properties of refractory alloys, which has high thermal stability, increased modulus of elasticity and lower thermal expansion coefficient as against other metal carbides [28, 29].
The aim of one research by A.
Ustinov, Application of nanotechnology of permanent joining of advanced light-weight metallic materials for aerospace engineering, The Paton Welding Journal. 12 (2008) 2-8
Lee, Effect of Al and Mn Content on the Mechanical Properties of Various ECAE Processed Mg-Li-Zn Alloys, Mater.