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Fibres have high stiffness and strength and matrix has low stiffness and strength and resulting lamina properties falls in between those two extremes [2].
The extent to which the lamina properties approach those of fibres or matrix primarily depends mainly on Vf.
The Vf is expected to have an effect on cutting forces and machinability in general due to its effect on the mechanical properties of the composite.
The experimental work involved a full factorial design with two factors at three and five levels giving a total of 15 tests, details of which are shown in Table 1.
Larger effect of Vf was seen on the thrust force (PCR = 14.59%) however the fibre orientation was still found the most significant factor affecting thrust force (PCR = 69.46%).

Introduction As a new steel and concrete composite structure, square tube filled with steel reinforced concrete heavy-loaded column has many advantages, such as high capacity, good shearing and anti-seismic property.
In this paper, finite element method was used to analyze its shear property and influence factors.
Stirrup ratio, steel reinforced ratio and concrete strength which affect the shear strength were analyzed.
Definite shear-span ratio limit Through using computation module above, shearing mechanical property of square tube filled with steel reinforced concrete was achieved.
When m (m=L/B, L is geometry length, B is side length) is 1, strain of core concrete shows bar clinic column mechanical property.

Grey method of dam failure risk assessment According to the factors affected the dam risk are complicated and the standards for judging are fuzzy, the factors are classified in different types and different layers through the method of risk analysis.
By the principle of selecting factors, correlation theory and criteria, to select the primary factors and sub-factors of the dam’s outburst, and to build the multistage indexes system of the dam-break disaster risk analysis.
Suppose that there are n factors to describe the status of the dam.
Then, we can define a finite set, as an evaluation factors set.
Conclusions The factors affected the dam failure risk are complicated and fuzzy, it is difficult to assess the risk.

The factors that affect the phase transformation are known to be stress, strain, temperature, and history of transformation.
The details about how to capture the effective stiffness of finite elements considering both SMA and polymeric composite properties using a new representative volume element (RVE) are described in [12].
The mechanical properties of graphite/epoxy and a SMA wire are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Material properties of SMA Moduli Temperature Transformation Constants Strains MPa Da 3 1067 ×= CM f °= 9 18 � °= CMPa CM 067.0=L� MPa DM 3 103.26 ×= CM s °= 4.18 18.13 � °= CMPa CA 0469.00=� CMPa°×=� 3 1055.0 CAs °= 5.34 MPa cr s 100=� 33.0=!
Mechanical properties of graphite/epoxy 11 141.96E GPa = 22 33 9.76 E E GPa = = 12 13 6.0 G G GPa = = 23 4.83G GPa= 12 13 0.24 !

Introduction Nowadays, nanocomposites have gotten a lot of attention from new materials researchers worldwide due to its promising properties of physical, thermal and mechanical compared to conventional composites [1].
Even though by adding clay improved the properties of the composite, many researchers had found out that there are an optimum level of nanoclay loading, where beyond this loading the properties will decrease again [2].
Some example of research that investigate fracture toughness between nanoclay and natural fiber composite reinforced polypropylene separately had stated that polypropylene filled with different concentrations of nanoclay which were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% continuously increased the values of stress intensity factor but the rate of increase was reduced at higher clay content due to intercalated structures produced that affect the net aspect ratio of the clay platelets [3].
Some other research that investigates the effect of clay loading on fracture toughness also stated that when nanoclay content below 1.5 wt%, the value of stress intensity factor was increased but when nanoclay content was increased, the value of stress intensity factor tends to decrease [4].
Krishna, “Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/glass/nanoclay hybrid composites,” J.

Moradi1, a, M.Ghoreishi1, b, M.J.Torkamany2, c, J.Sabbaghzadeh2, M.J.Hamedi2 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N.
RSM and Taguchi method were applied to analyze and optimize the laser welding mechanical properties [8, 9].
The effect of laser welding process parameters on aluminium metal matrix composite properties were investigated using diode and CO2 laser by RSM approach [11].
By increasing the overlapping factor, the conical appearance of the melted region (keyhole shape) changes to a cylindrical form and as a consequence more uniform and complete joining will be produced The mechanical and metallurgical properties of the laser welded steel plates and hybrid laser-TIG welding to access full weld penetration will be the subject of our next study and will be presented in the near future.
Capello E, C.D.P.B., Vedani M. , Effect of process parameters on bead properties of A359/SiC MMCs welded by laser.

Nguyen and Len [3] conducted a study on the mechanical properties of AC mixtures with varying levels of sulfur modification, finding improvements in both Marshall stability and rutting resistance.
In designing durable AC pavement layers for cold regions, understanding the fracture properties of these mixtures is crucial.
For instance, Kim and El Hossein [5] were among the first to assess fracture properties using the classical concept of fracture toughness.
These factors challenge the reliability of fracture energy as the sole metric for assessing low-temperature performance.
The physical properties of the aggregate are detailed in Table 1.

They explored the material properties and physical responses, and recorded in the result whether the material is resistant to flood damage or not [4].
Furthermore, it suggests the criteria of using building material that causes minimal damage to the physical and mechanical properties, when checked before and after the flood event.
Moreover, they specify the individual testing of properties to assess the capacity of a material [4].
No Criteria Explanation 1 Durability Standing under flooding without loss of shape. 2 Mechanical Properties Bonding, compressive strengths, tensile strength, modulus etc. 3 Physical Properties Appearance, texture, color, moisture, cracking, etc. 4 Erosion-Resistant Progressive loss from the original state. 5 Impermeability Ability to resist pervasion.
It is notable, that the studies presented in literature review does not incorporate the holistic approach and does not consider the economic and financial factors in their studies.

The Use of Polymers in Dental Implantology The prospects of using the considered coatings based on silicon compounds are determined by their dielectric properties, amorphous state that contributes to the healing of microcracks of the surface layer, the formation of a surface with improved hydrophilic properties, and optimal physical and mechanical characteristics.
It became possible to reasonably raise the issue of aging and stabilization of polymers as a multi-factor problem, where the study of changes in the properties of a polymer matherial under different conditions can be considered from a single point of view.
Therefore, the properties of a polymer matherial with a large molecular weight can be more stable.
Titanium alloys, as matherials with acceptable (but flawed) corrosion and corrosion-mechanical properties for these purposes, are widely used in implantation surgery.
It was found that polyurethanes with a simple etheric bond were more affected than polyurethanes with a complex etheric bond.

The vapor of the agent then affects the lightpath of the bonding elements.
The silica filler is usually adding to the epoxy, one of the thermosetting adhesions, for the lower properties of the curing shrinkage and the CTE [16].
Besides, the FBGs is a reliable and accurate sensor for measuring of the strain and temperature subjected to the central wavelength of FBGs with the positive linear proportional to the previous two factors.
This evidence enhances that the bonding adhesion has the curing shrinkage affecting the misalignment of the light path of optical elements.
By the optical fiber properties and the decreased stress in Fig. 6, the curing shrinkage of the filler/epoxy adhesion is about 0.05% at 60 oC.