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Introduction The behaviour and magnitude of various types of wear are the dominant factors that govern the machining performance of cutting inserts.
Ahmad, The effects of MgO addition on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear performance of zirconia-toughened alumina cutting inserts, J.
Ahmad, Effect of MgO particle size on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear performance of ZTA–MgO ceramic cutting inserts, Int.
Ahmad, Effect of Al2O3/YSZ microstructures on wear and mechanical properties of cutting inserts, J.
He, Investigation on microstructure and mechanical properties of reactively synthesized TiAlN/AlON nanomultilayers, Vaccum, 86(9) (2012) 1300–1304

The influence factors of strength and stiffness on drive axle housing was studied by Fen Yang et al[4], and the improved design of axle housing was analyzed.
The physical properties of the materials are given in Table 1[6].
Fatigue loading, material fatigue properties are defined in this module.
The axle housing is affected by the continuous variation load in the actual work process.
Journal of Mechanical Strength.

As their inherent properties, the surface modification of such powders is as much important a factor which affects the quality of the powders.
In such a process, it is necessary and important to choose the proper coupling agent according to the inherent surface properties of the powders used, on which researches have received much attention in home and abroad.
It has been proved by X.Dong that the mechanical properties of the composite system filled with modified superfine saponite powders increase to a certain degree [2].
C.X.Xiong pointed out in their study of using superfine Al2O3 powders as flexibilizer and reinforcer for polyethylene that modification of the surface and prevention from agglomeration helped improve effectively the mechanical properties of the polymer system [3].
The change of surface properties indicates the change of groups on the powder surface, which can be proved by IR spectrum.

Espinach2,d 1University of Girona, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, Girona, Spain. 2University of Girona, Department of Organization, Business Management and Product Design, Girona, Spain.
Moreover the thermal damage due to the low thermal conductivity properties of the PLA material also affects the contact zone die-sheet.
The temperature reached by the sheet during the thermoforming process has an influence on the final quality of the manufactured products, affecting both the mould and the thermoformed sheet.
Nonetheless, PLA material shows good frictional properties since the differences stablished in this work in the top surface of the die are less than 1mm after being exposed to consecutive low number of thermoforming cycles (around 25).
Application of 3D printing in sheet metal forming Materials Today: Proceedings 38 02 11579–1583 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.155 [5] Schuh G, Bergweiler G, Bickendorf P, Fiedler F, Colag C, Sheet Metal Forming Using Additively Manufactured Polymer Tools, Procedia CIRP 93 (2020) 20-25 [6] Boca MA, Sover A, Slatineanu L Determining the Influencing Factors on the Cooling of a 3D Printed Thermoforming Mould doi: 10.1002/masy.202100399 [7] Tomasoni D, Colosio S, Giorleo L, Ceretti E Design for Additive Manufacturing: Thermoforming Mold Optimization via Conformal Cooling Channel Technology, Procedia Manufacturing, 47 (2020) 1117-1122, doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.128

Lightweight Research on Aluminum Alloy Material of Rear Axle Differential Xu Jinli1, a, He Qiang1, b *, Zhu Dingjun1, c 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China aXujl1996@163.com, b1246211929@qq.com, c837178823@qq.com Keywords: Drive axle, Differential housing, Lightweight, FEA.
The Finite Element Calculation and Analysis of the Results of Differential Housing According to the CAD drawings provided by manufacturer and omitted some non-essential factors such as chamfers, half of the spline, the differential housing model is established by UG and shown in Fig. 5.
Define the material properties as Table 3.
According to the numerical calculation of free modes, the modal properties of the differential housing with cast iron or aluminum alloy are very similar which wouldn’t affect the performance of NVH.
Cheng, Mechanical Design Handbook, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2007, 11

Improving the Surface Finish and other Properties of Engineering Metal Parts Muhannad A.
The selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most common processes employed for research and industry due to the significant capability in the manufacture of parts with exceptional properties and geometric complexity [1,2].
The average surface roughness Ra might be more than 40 microns depending on many factors including the powder particle size, the build layer thickness, the laser beam power, and the scanning speed [7].
The modified layer of the processed samples exhibits the same microstructure with full chemical and mechanical bonding with the bulk material.
This achievement offers great benefits compared to the traditional chemical, mechanical, and electro-polishing which results in tool wear and abrasive debris.

In a micro-machined ultrasonic array transducer, cross talk between array elements is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of the transducer, and there is strong need to identify the sources of the problem and to find the means to reduce the cross talk level.
Considering that cross coupling between elements is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of an array transducer [2], there is a strong need to develop a multi-dimensional analysis technique to identify the sources of the problem and the means to reduce its effect.
The results in Fig. 7 say that the damping properties of the filler do not help in reducing the cross talk.
The basic wall model has the same material properties as the acoustic lens, and has the damping ratio of 0.1.
Increasing the damping properties was not beneficial overall for both cases in reducing the cross talk.

The static stiffness of the spindle and its influencing factors are analyzed in section 3.
The natural frequency of the spindle and its influencing factors are analyzed in section 4.
The stiffness of the spindle is in relation to the extended length of the spindle, the spacing of the front and rear bearings, the geometry dimension, the physical properties of metal, as well as the stiffness of the bearing.
With different preload, the stiffness of the bearing is different so as to affect the spindle stiffness.
By the sensitivity analysis of the design parameters, the main factors influencing the static and dynamic characteristics are found, which significantly simplifies the optimization of the spindle.

Because TT series ceramic filters are adaptable to filtering medium and filtration board is made of microporous ceramic materials, they have excellent properties including resistance to high temperature and corrosion as well as adjustable microporous aperture.
This directly affects the ceramic plate cleaning effect and filter efficiency.
The major factors leading to backwash pressure fluctuations include the following: 1) Backwash pressure fluctuations from vacuum negative pressure in the backwash channel of the rotor The backwash channel in each ceramic plate of the rotor develops vacuum during water absorption and drying processes, which induces big negative pressure in vacuum channels (~ 0.09 MPa).
The extent of the fluctuation depends on the degree of negative vacuum pressure, unoccupied volume of the backwash channel and the internal diameter of the backwash pipeline. 2) Backwash flow of water through volume mutations affecting the backwash pressure fluctuations When the rotor backwash channel and backwash pipeline switched from closed to interlinked positions, fluctuation in backwash pressure develops as the volume of backwash water changes.
The pressure for the fluid is dependent on the loading; thus the backwash pressure will decrease rapidly if the backwash channel of the rotor has no or small amount of loading. 3) Backwash pressure fluctuations arising from variations in external water or pipe pump pressure Fluctuations in external water or pipeline pump pressure generally falls in the range of 0.3-0.4 MPa, which can also induce backwash pressure fluctuations. 4) Other factors influencing backwash pressure fluctuations Aside from the factors discussed above, perturbation from the on-off manual switch, imperfect cooperation between the distribution valve and rotor, and inconsistent pore sizes between connecting ceramic filtering plates can also lead to certain pressure fluctuations.

The prepared geopolymers were cured at different temperatures (ambient, 40 ℃ and 60 ℃) and were studied to determine their strength, bond structure, mechanical properties, and resistance in an acidic and salty environment using an accelerated durability test.
Its composition (Na2O / SiO2) and physical property, especially the viscosity, has a major effect on the final properties of the geopolymer [13,25].
Girija, Effect of source materials, additives on the mechanical properties and durability of fly ash and fly ash-slag geopolymer mortar: A review, Construction and Building Materials, (2021), 122443
J. van Deventer, Geopolymers: structure, processing, properties and industrial applications.
Barnett, Factors influencing the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymers, Construction and Building Materials, (2015), 355–368