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They showed that the material-hardening model directly affects the springback simulation accuracy.
Xu et al. [6] investigated the influence of some sensitive factors on the accuracy and efficiency of springback simulation.
Experimental Set up To characterize the material properties and anisotropy, different specimens from 25×100mm CK67 steel sheets were cut at different orientations to the rolling directions (0, 45, 90˚).
Sheet Anisotropy The plastic properties of rolled sheets differ from the through-thickness direction, normal anisotropy, and vary with orientation in the plane of the sheet, planar anisotropy.
Material properties obtained from the tensile tests, were introduced in the software, and the Hill’s anisotropy parameters [12] were implemented into the code to model the sheet anisotropy.

Many researchers reported that the main factor affecting PM emission is the fuel oxygen content.
Table 1 summarizes the detail properties of the test fuels.
Table 1: Fuel properties Description Testing Method [ASTM] Mineral diesel Palm-diesel Density @ 20 [°C g/cm³] D287 0.8370 0.8450 Viscosity @40 [°C mm²/s] D445 4.2370 4.5140 Cetane number D613 71.6 78.2 The engine was controlled by a Dynalec control to increase and decrease the engine speed.
The primary particle size, aggregate particle size, and fractal dimension are three essential properties that can help us to characterize the formation of diesel particulates and understand particulate growth processes.
Sarofim, Factor governing their size and composition and implications to human health, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 50 (2000) 1565–1618

Addition of non-metallic second phase particles can remarkably improve mechanical properties and wear resistance of metal matrix composites [4-7].
Properties of the sintered copper-diamond composites are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of the sintered copper-diamond composite and pure copper Material Density[g/cm3] Hardness]HV] Electrical resistivity]×10 -2Ω mm2/m] Cu 8.89 83 1.72 Cu-diamond composite 8.45 129 2.29 The morphologies of the worn surface at different wear conditions were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, KYKY-2800) at an operating voltage of 25 kV.
The addition of diamond powder not only improves the hardness of the material, which is an important factor affecting the wear resistance, but also provides protection to the softer matrix during abrasive sliding.
The raised temperature can cause to produce oxides that are available to mix mechanically with unoxidized metal to form a mechanical mixed surface layer [8].

These films, like natural diamond, have many interesting physical properties: mechanical hardness, very high thermal conductivity, and optical transparency [1,2].
This research was focused on developing the CACVD technique to synthesize the selected area of diamond films and evaluate their properties.
Moreover, the growth rate of diamond films is varied by the factor of gas ratio, the distance from inner flame to substrate, and the synthesized time.
Wilks: Properties and Applications of Diamon (British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, Cambridge 1994)
Davis: Diamond films and coatings: Development, Properties, and Applications (Noyes Publication, USA 1992)

Introduction Applications of structural ceramics have grown considerably utilizing their unique properties such as light weight, high chemical and wear resistance, high temperature stability, etc.
In this paper, mechanical properties of Al2O3-BN ceramics which should affect their machinability are presented for the composites containing different amounts of BN.
Material properties of Al2O3-BN ceramics The starting powders were α-Al2O3 (α-crystal phase>95%, average particle size, 0.3 µm), and hexagonal BN (>99% pure, 10 µm, High Purity Chemical Co.
The material properties of Al2O3-BN workpieces were shown in Fig. 3, and they illustrate flexural strength effect, Young's modulus effect, and fracture toughness and hardness.
Conclusions Important mechanical properties of Al2O3-BN composites for machinability were identified and presented.

The factors which impact extraction efficiency such as extraction temperature, extraction time, sample dilution multiple and ionic strength were optimized.
Representation of SWCNTs coating’s structure and test of extraction properties: Shown in Fig.1 is the SEM micrograph of SWCNTs coating which indicated that the SWCNTs coating evenly adhered to the stainless steel wire surface.
Results and Discussion The optimization of SPME operation procedure The extraction results depend not only on the properties of the probe coating but also on the extraction mode, agitation condition, extraction time, pH value, ion intensity and desorption condition, etc.
In this study, the above factors were optimized with the standard water sample of 50µg·L-1 octylphenol.
The working life of the SWCNTs probe: Many factors might affect the working life of the SWCNTs probe, mainly including the high desorption temperature damage to the coating, the extraction solution flush effect on the coating and mechanical friction damage, etc.

The formation of white layers affects the surface properties of the material.
The chemical composition, thermal and mechanical properties of AISI D2 steel was listed in reference[5].
With the assumption that the depth of cut is much smaller than the radius of the wheel (ap <factors including n, tg and vw are studied by using single factor analysis method during grinding process.
The factor of undeformed chip thickness is related to workpiece with speed vw, so the factor of tg are set by adjusting the speed of vw.
The factor of undeformed chip thickness tg was related to workpiece speed vw.

The physicochemical properties of metals and alloys in the nanoscale range can exhibit a strong size dependence [1].
They may also exhibit specific thermodynamic, optical, electrical, magnetic, and even biological properties.
Apparently, factors affecting the glass transition temperature for nanoalloy include the initial configuration and segregation of the atomic system, since the alloy components surface properties differ.
Zhan, The effects of the size of nanocrystalline materials on their thermodynamic and mechanical properties, Nanoscale Res.
Ferrando, Structural properties of nanoclusters: Energetic, thermodynamic, and kinetic effects, Rev.

Therefore, these pipelines are affected sensitively from various environmental factors and the effects of corrosion on the reliability of pipelines are the most important.
During the aging process, buried pipelines suffer from corrosion that affects the reliability and thus the safe operation of pipeline.
There are several parameters that may affect corrosion and the reliability of pipelines.
Because the protective properties like oxides are improved, as corrosion proceeds, the corrosion rate over time is reduced.
It is recognized that the scattering of the data for wall thickness and yield stress of pipeline for three different corrosion models affects the failure probability significantly.

But they did not use systematic analysis on technological factors of the bending forming process.
So this paper takes V-bending forming as an example, by using Dynaform software in the numerical simulation, the manufacturing process factors especially the springback effects on the bending process are analyzed, in order to achieve the optimization of stamping process parameters and reducing the times for test purposes.
Define and set the shell element types, the sheet material properties and contact types at the same time
Influence of friction coefficient Friction is an important force in sheet metal forming, which not only affects the value of forming force and energy consumption, but also directly affects the forming limit of the parts, the amount of springback, the surface quality of the parts and the life of die.
The influence of process parameters such as blank holder force, stamping velocity and friction coefficient which affect the bending and springback is researched.