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When a were respectively 0.02,0.05,0.08 and 0.11mm, tempering layer depth h were respectively 0.043,0.078,0.111 and 0.137mm.This is due to augmenting a, undeformed chip thickness of a single grains is magnifying.
And that magnitude of grains taking part in cutting at the same time increased.
In grinding process, because of the slide wipe, plough and cutting action of of grains, severe plastic deformation take place in tooth surface grinding, and dislocation would be inevitably produced.
Because of increasing vs, magnitude of grains cutting in time per unit was increased, undeformed chip thickness of a single grains was decreasing, and grinding deformation energy was magnified.
Magnitude of grains producing the plough and slide wipe role at the same time increased, and friction was intensified.

ZnO is a type II – VI semiconductor that pauses a number of attractive properties such as large band gap (3.2 – 3.4 eV at 300 K temperature), high binding energy (~ 60 meV), non-toxicity, better stability, high transmittance in the visible light region, valued refractive index, a high piezoelectric constant, etc [9 - 14].
It is seen that undoped ZnO films contain uneven less uniform grains and ropes or ganglia-like structures.
Also, the grain size and surface roughness gradually decrease with increasing doping level up to Al concentration of 10%.
For further increase in Al concentration, the films’ surface becomes granular and the grain size and surface roughness increases again.
Also, the grain size and surface roughness gradually decrease with increasing doping level up to Al concentration of 10%.

There are a large number of coating technologies available for protecting magnesium and its alloys, such as chemical conversion coatings [1], electroplating and electroless plating [2], anodizing is also an alternative method to provide protective coatings on magnesium and its alloys [3].
When β precipitates are finely and continuously distributed along the grain boundaries in the surface region of the casting, so the barrier effect of the β phase is more effective in impeding corrosion.
The β precipitates are not continuously distributed along the grain boundaries (rod shaped β phase).

The density of diffused elements along the grain boundary was higher than the average level for the diffusivity was larger sometimes even several orders of magnitude.
The "core" of new phases formed possibly because of oversaturation in some grain boundaries, then the "cores" grew gradually to be "islands".
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under granted number (50964006).

Ideal situation is when car body structure consists from as few as possible number of parts.
HAZ is characterized in both sheet metal plates by finer grain size than in the base material.
HAZ is characterized in case of all sheet metal plates by finer grain size than in the base material.

The final devitrification of samples with such composition leads to a nanocrystalline structure (crystalline grains of the 10 nm) embedded in a residual amorphous phase [6], resulting in magnetically softer materials, but still exhibiting bistability.
Exchange interaction of crystalline grains leads to the averaging out of magnetocrystalline anisotropy that results in a magnetic softness, and the lower Hsw, as it would be expected.
Acknowledments This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under proyect number BIA2011-29575-C03-03 as well as by Slovak research and development Agency APPVV-0266-10.

Introduction The discovery of ceramic oxides high-temperature superconductors has stimulated a large number of theoretical and experimental investigations with the objective of elucidating the origin of the high-temperature superconductivity and characterization of the new materials using several physical measurements.
It could be seen rounded grains with different sizes varying between 1 and 6 µm, typical of this material.
In the microscopy measurements, round grains, which are typical of these materials, were found, varying around 1 to 6 µm.

Also the ferrite and martensite grain sizes are approximately 5.8 and 2.4 um, respectively according to mean linear intercept method.
It is believed that grain size and morphology of ferrite and martensite affect the mechanical properties of dual phase steel; these complex structures give the steel excellent combination of strength and ductility.
This is associated with a reduction in number of mobile dislocations due to the formation of Cottrell atmospheres around the dislocations[7].

Diffractometry detector Tomography detector High resolution High speed Number of pixels 1024 x 1024 4008 x 2672 2048 x 2048 Pixelsize 24 µm x 24 µm 9.1 µm x 9.1 µm 7.37 µm x 7.37 µm Dynamic range 12 bit or 16 bit 14 bit 14 bit Speed 5 frames per second (12 bit) or 1 fps (16 bit) 5 fps 14.7 fps Magnification 4fold (fix) 0.98 - 5.62 0.97 - 6.87 Spatial resolution 6 µm 2 µm 40 µm Sample stage Inclination stage Scissors lifting table Diffractometry system Tomography detector CCD Assembly for determining the correct sample to objective distance Tube Objective X-ray optics Mirror Luminescence screen (not visible) 100 mm CCD Assembly for determining the correct sample to objective distance Tube Objective X-ray optics Mirror Luminescence screen (not visible) 100 mm Fig. 2.
The Bragg-spots of grains fulfilling the Bragg condition are clearly visible.
The size of the grains is in the range of 60 to 120 µm.

Shiratori et al [12], the phonon characteristics of BaTiO3 dense ceramics with different grain sizes are diffused mainly because of the effect of internal stress.
The morphology of the ceramics and powders indicate that various grains with different sizes show the effect of stresses or lattice defects on phonon modes.
The number describes the sequnce of experiments.