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Fig. 1c shows that the use of K2SiF6 flux, and the consequential reduction of Ca impurity content, led to refinement of the primary Si particles to an average size of 20 μm.
Table 1 provides crystallographic data, potential orientation relationships and associated calculated lattice misfits between Si and AlP, Al2SiCa2 and relevant oxides.
Table 2 provides crystallographic data, potential orientation relationships and associated calculated lattice misfits between Al2SiCa2 and relevant oxides.
The data shows that neither of the oxides has a sufficiently small misfit with Al2CaSi2 for them to act as potent substrates for nucleation of this phase.
Taking into account the microstructural evidence and the crystallographic data provided in this section we propose that in the Al-15Si alloy with 0.5 wt.% Ca added: (i) Al2CaSi2 is the first phase to form during solidification and it nucleates on the entrained oxide inclusions and bifilms, then (ii) primary Si forms by nucleation and growth on the Al2CaSi2 particles.

In the construction of roads, great attention should be paid to the widespread use of new, efficient building materials and products of improved quality, with a high degree of prefabrication, ensuring an increase in the level of industrialism, a reduction in material consumption and the cost of road construction.
Taking into account the data obtained on the basis of multicomponent binders, the compositions of fine-grained concrete are proposed (presented in Table 1).

Such behavior can be attributed to the reduction of the interface traps during high temperature oxidation.
Measurement and Discussion The thicknesses of the oxide films were measured by spectroscopic ellipsometer (632 nm source, at a 70o incidence angle, with 1.5~1.6 eV fitting region for data analysis), and were plotted as a function of oxidation time, at 1200, 1250 and 1350oC respectively.

The supply side is taken care by the electric utility with a number of practical solutions [2] such as reduction of the number of faults (e.g., tree trimming, animal guards, use of insulated conductors), reduction of fault clearing time by revised protection schemes [3] and application of neutral grounding resistor (NGR)[4].
Table 1 Comparison of voltage mitigation solutions Solution Investment O&M Mitigation Fault current reduction Customer survival Reduction of number of faults Low High Fair No No Protection scheme Low Low Fair No No NGR Installation High Low Good Fair No Resonant grounding High Low Good Good Good The insertion of a NGR seems to be economically justified.
The case study was simulated fault events and locations by the recorded data as shown in Table 4.
Fig.13 shows a reduction in the number of interruptions only for line to line fault and three-phase faults after a resonant ground added to the system, Evaluation of mitigation Industrial customers use a variety mix of sensitive devices in their production processes for example IT, PC, PLC and ASD.
The outage cost for the resonant grounding system was calculated without taking single line to ground fault events into account and the reduction is shown in Table 6.

Total SOD enzyme activity was assayed by the repression of the photochemical reduction of pyrogallol (PAPG) followed by the photo reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium [29].
One unit of SOD enzyme activity was described as an amount of enzyme producing a 50% suppression of PAPG reduction.
Statistical analysis The data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA at the significance level of p < 0.05 using the GraphPad Prism software. 3.
At higher intensities of the magnetic field, the SOD activity gradually decreased with a reduction in the magnetosome formation.
Furthermore increased magnetic field intensity could have broken the bacterial cell wall which results in the cell death and the reduction of magnetosome formation and the efficacy of the antioxidant activity.

The plots of either the natural logarithms of the corresponding temperature or the natural logarithms of strain rate against the hyperbolic of flow stresses satisfy straight line relationships over the experimental data, indicating that the hot compression of the FSCI is thermally activated.
The FSCI has rather good deformation ability and can be compressed up to 99% reduction [3].
The Eq. 3 has shown good agreement with many experimental data within wide strain rate and temperature ranges [4].
Then the material constants, A, n and α can be obtained from the experimental data according to a wide range of strain rates and temperatures
The plots of either the natural logarithms of the hyperbolic of flow stresses against strain rates (in Fig. 3) or the natural logarithms of hyperbolic of flow stresses against the reciprocals of the corresponding temperatures (in Fig. 4) satisfy straight line relationships over the experimental data, indicating that the hot compression of the FSCI is thermally activated, thereby supporting the Arrhenius dependence similar to Eq. 3.

One point refers to the management of the microstructure evolution during each pass or each inter-pass period and the other point concerns the management of the multi-pass aspects (different grain categories, data structure).
This procedure can induce an exponential data structure increasing with the increasing number of process passes.
This kind of approach can help us to control the data structure, when coupled with a conventional heterogeneous model and with the finite element method.
This data structure evolves during the process simulation and is updated at each transition from one phase (dynamic or static) to the next one.
In contrast, for the static case, the initial grain size reduction induces a recrystallized grain size decrease and a recrystallized volume fraction increase.

The obtained data was compared with the result of the model and the appropriate kinetic constant which is calibrated the equation of grain growth is introduced for the seam weld and seamless pipes.
Also, the growth mechanism is driven by the reduction in grain boundary energy, and the temperature cycle in welding process, (i.e.
Experiments and Data Collection for Calibration the Model Experimental data needs to calculate pre exponential constant and calibrate the model reasonably.
This value of pre exponential constant provides reasonable prediction of grain growth in HAZ, as it is associated the data measurement from at least 30 runs and used in calibrating the model.

Finally, fatigue tests are carried out with the specimens of different scratch route tip depths, and validation against fatigue life by local stress-strain method and experimental data shows a good agreement, which indicates that the scratch model and the local stress-strain method for the effects of scratch on cabin glass fatigue performances are valid.
Introduction Scratches with varying degrees are widespread in cabin glass of military aircraft due to flying or maintenance, which lead to the reduction of fatigue Performances, and affect the fatigue life of cabin glass even the safety of military aircraft [1,2].
Fig. 7 Specimen According to the given experimental fatigue life group data, the three-parameter exponential function equation can be adopted to describe fatigue S-N curve as follows
Fatigue tests are carried out under MTS 810-500KN material testing system (uniform amplitude, stress radio=0.1, loading frequency=1Hz, surroundings temperature=20ºC), and the fatigue group data are shown in Table 3 as follows.
Table 3 Fatigue group data of scratch with different depths Depth[mm] Cycle Count Median Fatigue Life Estimation Error (%) 0.2 12801 13561 14670 16412 13345 17231 9.7936 0.3 7123 8901 7819 9126 6632 7314 2.6747 0.4 5123 4912 4893 6189 3124 5120 25.8604 0.5 3124 1125 2867 4124 3124 2841 15.1135 0.6 1100 1723 1915 2721 2121 1912 8.2060 0.7 2090 901 1346 1292 1533 912 29.1375 0.8 801 820 986 1301 1412 600 35.4144 Table 3 manifests that the local stress-strain method for the effects of scratch on cabin glass performance is practicable, with maximum of 35.4% and minimum of 8.2% estimation error, meeting engineering error requirements.

The mathematical model was verified using measured data.
This paper will further derive the three-dimensional prediction model of concrete random damage, gradient method is used to estimate Weibull parameter, corresponding program is edited and measured data are used to verify accuracies of value model and program.
The mathematical model was verified by measured data.
The growth of concrete damage is nonlinear with dry-wet cycles increasing, both theoretical models and experimental data show the law.
Reduction of concrete deterioration by ettringite using crystal growth inhibition techniques [R].