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The shape of the rocking curve (Fig. 2, middle) indicates the presence of low angle grain boundaries.
Due to the high time expense this method is only suitable to determine the distribution in small wafer numbers or overall densities with statistical random tests at high micro-pipe densities.
They can be carbonized grains from the silicon carbide powder source or parts of the growth cell walls which are dissolved by the aggressive gases inside the crucible.
By the use of source material with suitable grain size or a diffusion barrier on the powder surface [6], carbon rich gas phase composition and optimized wall-material properties (grain size) large carbon inclusions were almost eliminated in 4H-crystals and the overall density of carbon inclusions with medium diameters could be reduced to uncritical levels.

Meanwhile, the finer and denser grain size has a greater ability to block dislocation deformation, making strain hardening more severe.
The grains of different sizes are staggered to form a thin strip structure.
Due to the coarse microstructure of the heat-affected zone and the brittle M/A island structure, a large number of dislocations are accumulated around brittle M/A islands [12], which cause stress concentration and cracks that rapidly expand and break.
Afrin et al. [9] believe that the grain sizes in the weld zone are staggered distribution, which can effectively increase the flow resistance of the grain boundary and internal dislocations.

A number of the Al2O3 fiber-reinforced HAp bars were produced according to the method described by Ehsani et al [28].
b) Preferential Grain-Boundary Coupling.
It has been suggested that the enhanced densification of ceramics by microwave sintering could be caused by accelerated diffusion rates within the grain boundaries [58].
Some of them are: Higher loss tangent of the grain boundaries compared to the grains [59].
It is assumed that the densification improvement of the microwave sintered samples resulted from the induced high diffusion rates and grain boundary coupling.

Such translation approach also creates a tremendous number of inconsistent copies of data files in collaboration processes like the 'snow-ball' effect observed in day-to-day email attachments.
Generally, a database design has layers of information according to the accessibility required, or grain size.
The central repository is supposed to provide services to fine-grain entities.
A recent work by the author and his co-worker [20] introduced a fine-grain and feature-oriented product database design to support Web-enabled collaborative engineering services.
Web-service and scalable fine grain database technologies are to be applied.

In general, during the process of laser cladding, the heating and solidification rates can reach as high as 104 ~ 106 K/s, which leads to grain refining and avoids serious component segregation, thus allowing to obtain exceptional behavior [6-7].
Fig. 2 reveals the composite nature of the coating, displaying a fine-grained structure with low porosity and no crack.
It might be due to the combined effect of solid solution strengthening and grain boundary strengthening.
The solid solution strengthening is caused by lattice distortion as a result of the different atomic radii of alloying elements and the grain boundary strengthening is on account of rapid solidification during laser cladding suppressing grain growth, hence increasing the number of grain boundaries.
He, Grain refinement and boundary misorientation transition by annealing in the laser rapid solidified 6FeNiCoCrAlTiSi multicomponent ferrous alloy coating, Surf.

T2/3 stands for the second track of a total number of 3 tracks.
The size of the prior β grains cannot be defined precisely since the grain boundaries cannot be identified well enough.
The prior β grain diameter is roughly between 100 µm and 700 µm.
With low magnification track 5 seems to consist of some massive α at the prior β grain boundaries and α’ martensite as well, but the SEM micrographs reveal that also grains with ultra-fine basket weave α+β lamellae are present, see Fig. 6 (c) and (d).
Also the prior β grain size seems enlarged drastically.

Materials Research has been conducted with different coils of an austenitic stainless steel 1.4310 (X10CrNi18-8) which differed in their chemical compositions, their mechanical values and their micro structure / grain size.
The spread of the molybdenum quantity is the most obvious difference between the materials, which attributes to the corrosion resistance and the formation of ferrite. [15] The austenitic grain size of materials M1 and M2 was 8-9, while material M3 had a finer austenitic grain size of 9-10 (referring to ASTM E 112 [16]).
The grain boundary seems free of precipitations.
Apparently, material M3 seems to tend a bit less towards springback for orientation O1, which might attribute to the finer grain size.
Acknowledgement The work presented in this paper has kindly been funded by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen „Otto von Guericke“ (grant numbers: IGF 17423 BG and IGF 19273 BR).

Besides, the bulk ceramic grains distribution were found to be uniform.
Numbers of donor dopants (e.g., Nb+5, Ta+5) had been studied the effects on features of PZT piezoceramics, in our earlier studies also reported Nb doping as a donor dopant, the electromechanical coupling factor of PZT ceramics was improved.
Unfortunately, larger amount of PbO incurred Pb dissolved in the grain, so pyrochlore-phase appeared compatible with S5 density was decreased.

Sintered parts were investigated in view of shrinkage, porosity, grain size using SEM, EDX and XRD.
A full solution of secondary phases could not be obtained because of stable oxides that remained at the grain boundaries.
Witte, Magnesium hydroxide temporarily enhancing osteoblast activity and decreasing the osteoclast number in peri-implant bone remodelling, Acta Biomaterialica Vol. 6 (2010), p. 1861-68

The average effluent SS was 560mg/L in the stage of that the effluent TN > the influent TN (Straw pulping and papermaking wastewater which is the processing object of this test contains a large number of short fibers which are difficult to be biochemical degraded and removed by sedimentation.
After crushing, most of the granules were discovered a grain of sand in the core except for very small granules, and the grain size is about 0.1mm.
Sampling on Jul. 21, there was no grain of sand in the core when the sizes of granules were less than 3mm.
Sampling on Aug. 23, most of granules didn’t have sand grain in the core except for individual granules whose sizes are larger than 3mm.
Granular sludge with the core of sand grain had high density and good settling ability, which could prevent the sludge to be washed out and keep a large number of biomass in the reactor.