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Chemical composition of the 17-4 PH SS C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo 0.036 0.78 0.33 0.009 0.004 16.2 4.02 0.002 Co V Ti Cu W Sn Al Nb 0.012 0.018 0.002 0.372 0.009 0.004 0.001 0.29 The carbon content coupled with the high Cr content can promote the formation of chromium carbides along grain boundaries [3].
Nb is usually added in high strength steels alloys because it acts as a grain refiner, increasing strength and suppressing the formation of Cr23C6 through the formation of NbC.
This frequency has been kept constant for all the samples used, since it has been verified that the number of cycles for stabilization is affected by this parameter, leading to different values according to different frequencies set.
The relationship between the deformation and the number of cycles can be described by Eq. 2 and looks like Fig. 4

MATCH program data processing results do not show nitrogen (N) atom increasing in number because nitrogen concentration embedded within the framework of TiO2 is still too small.
The grains of pure TiO2 (T) are higher than N-doped TiO2.
There are significant numbers of particles on the surfaces of N-doped TiO2 grains.

Rotary friction welding technology has a number of advantages, among which the main one is high productivity and the ability to weld dissimilar materials that cannot be welded by other welding methods.
In the TMAZ peripheral areas, the microstructure is characterized by the formation of equiaxed fine ferrite and perlite grains.
The TMAZ shows the structures of martensite and bainite near the line of contact with a microhardness of 345-353 HV and a fine-grained ferrite and cementite structure near the transition zone to the base metal with a microhardness of 216-219 HV. 4.
Acknowledgements The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-38-90079.

EMU overhaul business also has the following characteristics: 1) Complicated process and vast numbers of tasks: a train experience stepwise dismantling and assembling among overhaul, the amount of basic tasks is up to thousand.
Organize a sequence of basic processes at the same production-line into coarse-grained procedure, and map the resource requirement of basic process for particular workstation (devices or staffs) to that of procedure in one production-line (capacity of production line or group manpower).
(11) is current iteration number, T is maximum iteration number; the minimum of inertia weight is , and maximum is .
In Fig. 3, each dimension of particle X represent a task, dimensions are numbered by order () and is numerically the priority of tasks, ranged from 0 to 1.
At the first iteration, set random number complied with for each dimensions to improve diversity, and set initial velocity to 0.

Given the importance and widespread usage of 230 alloy, a number of studies on its thermal stability have been conducted.
In this condition, the material had an ASTM grain size of 4½.
Large, primary carbides are scattered throughout the structure, while secondary precipitates are seen intragranularly and along grain boundaries.

The microstructure of the as sprayed coating showed uniformly distributed chrome carbide-rich ceramic grains attached with nickel chrome-rich binder phase.
Powder consisted of uniformly distributed chrome carbide-rich ceramic grains attached with nickel chrome-rich binder phase.
The carbide grains were evenly distributed, forming interconnecting networks within each powder particle.
Weight change per unit area versus number of cycles plots for the coated as well as uncoated specimen oxidized at 700οC in air up to 50 cycles is shown in Figure 5a.
In Figure 5b, the square of weight gain per unit area (mg2 /cm4) versus number of cycles for coated and uncoated specimens were plotted.

The as-deposited films are polycrystalline with a random texture and a grain size that 2 Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) increases with increasing substrate temperature.
Likewise, when equiaxed, randomly oriented polysilicon is used, the poly-SiC is also randomly oriented with equiaxed grains.
In essence, use of epitaxial 3C-SiC growth processes on polysilicon substrates results in grain-tograin epitaxy at the SiC/polysilicon interface, which directly influences the growth of the remaining poly-SiC film.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 For poly-SiC films deposited in this furnace, we have discovered that the residual stress is strongly influenced by two key deposition parameters, namely the deposition pressure and the Si-toC ratio.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 SiC Nanoelectromechanical Systems Use of SiC in surface micromachining is not restricted to polycrystalline material.

The particles were rinsed with acetone and ethanol until the rinse solution was clear to minimize fine grained powder on glass surfaces.
The ion concentrations were measured on-line every 28-42 seconds depending on the number of replicates used in each sampling.
The number of replicates affected the time interval between the measured data points.
Consumption of HCl (0.01 M), extracted Na2O (µg Na/g grains of glass) and hydrolytic class (HGB) according to ISO 719. pH values were measured before the acid titration at room temperature.
The smooth increase of silicon ion concentration for 1-98 in the beginning of the experiment suggests that the alkali ion peaks were not caused by fine powder left on the particles after the washing of the grains. 45S5 also showed a high initial dissolution of silicon.

During the process, indicators are put at the top of the pins to know the number of rotation.
The differences of grain size and other characteristics among pins are hardly recognized.
Each element corresponds to each crystal grain.
The number of elements relates to a pin size.
The one fourth of cross section with more elements corresponds to larger pin, if it is assumed that each crystal grain in the pin has same size.

The application of powder metallurgy technology for producing biphasic duplex steels enables precise control of their chemical and phase composition of structure as well as elimination of number of technological difficulties that are present during the production of same kind of steels but using traditional methods.
The shape factor of 1 represents a circular pore in the plane of analysis and as the number decreases from 1, the elongation and degree of irregularity increases.
Microstructure of composition E is composed of ferritic and austenitic grains and an interdiffusion zone - a sharp and thin microstructure [10].
The microstructure of sintered duplex steel based on austenitic X2CrNiMo17-12-2 and ferritic XCr17 base powders is more coarse-grained in comparison to steels obtained by the addition of elemental powders to base stainless steel powder, where ferritic and austenitic grains are fine and well mixed.