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Some are solids like layer lattice compounds (graphite, MoS2), non-reactive coatings (mineral salt, polymers) and conversion coatings (zinc phosphate).
Experimental observations aim to identify the kind of surface defect that occurs (galling, scratch, grain debonding, etc.).
The numerical simulation aims to quantify the damage occurring in the vicinity of the defect.
Dubar, Quantitative analysis of galling in cold forging of a commercial Al-Mg-Si alloy, Procedia Engineering 207 (2017) 2298-2303 [41] 41 T.S.
Puchi-Cabrera, Characterization of the hot-working behavior of a Cu-Ni-Si alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A 667 (2017) 77-86 [44] E.S.

Traditionally, thermal management materials have been based on aluminium, copper and their alloys because of their seemingly very high thermal conductivity and CTE.
Compounds such as AlN, Al2O3 and SiC are examples of ceramics while Cu-W, Cu-Mo and Al-SiC are that of MMCs [4,5].
PM is regarded as the only possible route for reinforcing higher melting point alloys (such as Cu-based alloys) with fibres [21].
Discontinuous graphite reinforced aluminum, and copper alloys for high thermal conductivity-thermal expansion matched thermal management applications.
The Syposiam on Deformation and Structure of Metals and Alloys. 2002 [21].

Introduction The use and the advancement of constructive and material lightweight principles are essentially in order to achieve the ambitious aims for the reduction of resource consumption in various industries.
While in case of joining metals to each other, such as for example aluminum to steel and copper to aluminum the formation of intermetallic compounds is a sophisticated target, new and completely different challenges occur in metal-plastic joints, which turn to be a very interesting topic in research and development at the moment.
Both electrodes were manufactured out of a CuCr1Zr-alloy in order to use a common electrode material.
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Vol. 14, No. 6, (2006) pp. 449-475
In: Welding Journal (2003), S. 195-201.

The aim of this work is to determine the distribution of the varying magnetic field and its effect on mechanical properties.
Chou, Journal of America Ceramic Society, 91(2008 )1539
Lin, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 10 (2010) 8130
Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience. 7(8), (2010) 1447
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 3197–3201 [16].

The CZTS has been considered the most quaternary semiconductor compound with high conversion efficiency, low-cost material components, non-toxic, good tunable band-gap of 1.45eV, and zero environmental impact [7].
Therefore, this study aims to synthesize and characterize CZTS-based solar cells with CTAB as a conducting polymer and capping materials, to enhance the PCE of pure CZTS.
This strategic approach aims to minimize electron loss at contact points, potentially enhancing the performance and efficiency of solar energy conversion.
Mar, “Materials for Photovoltaics: State of Art and Recent Developments,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review, Int.
Bade et al, “Investigations of the structural, optoelectronic and band alignment properties of Cu2ZnSnS4prepared by hot-injection method towards low-cost photovoltaic applications,” Elsevier Journal of Alloys and Compounds 854 (2021) 157093, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jalcom,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157093

The study aims to assess the potential advantages and limitations of ultrasonic compaction of PLA AM samples, as a reinforcing manufacturing technique.
This scientific paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis aimed at enhancing our understanding of PLA-based materials and the potential for their improvement.
PLA degrades into lactic acid, a natural compound that can be metabolized by microorganisms in the environment.
Acknowledgements The paper was developed within the project PN 23.37.01.03 with the title „Research on the development of 3D printed high entropy alloys for the construction of severely wear and vibration stressed components”, (financed by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, in the frame of the Nucleu Program of ISIM Timişoara PN 23 37/2023-2026, contract 16N/2023.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 113 (2021): 623-648

This is the aim of this work.
Within the range of 1,100-1,200 оС, distillation was noted to be retarded as zinc compounds had already been reduced to almost 95-97%, and reaction surface approached zero.
Pelletizing of the zinc-containing charge material was carried out at the non-ferrous alloy production plant (Verkh-Neyvinsk) in a disk-type nodulizer.
Tenório, Reduction of electric arc furnace dust pellets by simulated reformed natural gas, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 126 (2016) 1889-1897
Tanutrov, On zinc reduction with carbon, Journal of Academy of sciences of the USSR.

XRD analysis detected compounds like FeCu4, Cr3Fe, Cu (Fe2O4), and CrO near the weld interface.
The study aimed to assess the bonding capability of copper and steel using different ratios of explosives and varying stand-off distances.
Casalino: Numerical and experimental investigation of probeless friction stir spot welding of a multilayer aluminium alloy compound, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 28:8, 653-661 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2193460 [5] P.
Sorgente: Laser offset welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy to 316 stainless steel.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 242: 549 - 591 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.020 [7] G.

Micro-silica is a very fine pozzolanic material, composed of amorphous silica, obtained as a byproduct of the silicon or ferro silicon alloys (Fe5Si2) industry, that can be used in a variety of cementitious based products, such as concrete and mortars.
The usual proportions of compounds varies in the following limits: SiO2 – 20...60%, Al2O3 – 5...35%, Fe2O3 – 10...40%, CaO – 1...12%.
Portland cement) in the presence of water produces cementitious compounds.
Rodríguez, Silica nano-particles produced by worms through a bio-digestion process of rice husk, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 355 (2009), 844–850
Tsai, Effects of nano-SiO2 and different ash particle sizes on sludge ash–cement mortar, Journal of Environmental Management 88 (2008), 708–714

In this paper, some preliminary results are presented, included in a vast research project with the aim of a better understanding of the different factors influencing the hardness of hard W-Si-N films.
Three materials with different thermal expansion coefficients were used as substrate: refractory steel 310 (AISI) - �s=17.0x10 -6K -1, Fecralloy � (Goodfellow) - �s=11.1x10 -6K -1 and TZM (Mo alloy - Goodfellow) - �s=5.3x10 -6K -1.
The �-W phase is most probably the W3Si compound, as previewed by Goldschmidt [10], since no significant oxygen content (<1at.%) was detected in the films.
Anand; International Journal of Plasticity, 1 (1985) 213
Golschmidt in “Interstitial Alloys”, ed.