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However, the optimization reduces the structural cost taking into account uncertainties concerning material properties, geometric dimension and loading.
In Deterministic Design Optimization (DDO), the system safety may be taken into account by assigning safety factors to certain structural parameters.
Suitable geometry, material properties and loads are assumed, and an analysis is then performed to provide a detailed behavior of the structure.
Low reliability level: when choosing small values of safety factors or bad distribution of these factors, the structural reliability level may be too low to be admissible.
In the structural analysis of engineering design, there exist uncertainties in loading, material properties, geometry, and environmental conditions.

The influence of CeO2, MgO and Nd2O3 on the thermal shock resistance, mechanical strengths, open porosity, bulk density, and microstructure have been studied.
Introduction Pure ceramic materials based on ZrO2 or TiO2 show a proper corrosion resistance against slag or slag/metal corrosive environment but are affected from thermal shock conditions [1].
A limiting factor is the decomposition of tialite in the temperature range 700-1300 oC [2] with formation of Al2O3 and TiO2 (rutile).
Properties of doped-tialite-zirconia compositions, after sintering at 1550 oC Specimens / properties ATZ1 ATZ2 ATZ3 ATZ4 ATZ5 Strength, [MPa] 51.3 88.1 126.6 34.7 60.8 Bulk density, [g/cm3] 3.00 3.44 3.50 3.13 3.38 Water absorption, [%] 6.9 2.2 1.8 6.0 2.6 Open porosity, [%] 21 8 7 19 9 Thermal expansion coefficient / 25-1000o C, [o C-1] x 10 -6 4.46 2.58 3.19 4.84 4.65 Thermal shock resistance, [cycles] >30 >40 >40 >30 >30 The materials made from pure monolithic Al2TiO5 have a very low strength at room temperature (typically bellow 10 MPa) [9].
Ceram., Vol.11, (1981), p.479-84 [3] Morrow K., Holcombre E., Cromer G.: Preparation of Aluminium Titanate Crucibles by Slip Casting for High Temperature Applications, Oak Ridge, Y-12, Plant Tennessee, (1978) [4] Hamano K., Nakagawa Z., Sawano K., Hasegawa M.,: Effect of Additives on Several Properties of Aluminium Titanate Ceramic, J.

Both properties are provided by the supplier.
Both chemical and physical properties are provided by the supplier.
Fresh properties and hardened properties.
Results and Discussion Fresh properties.
Austin, Factors affecting the slump and strength development of geopolymer concrete, Constr Build Mater, 261 (2020)

Study the quality of welded joints of steel S235 MITAL Dusan1,a,MICHALIK Peter1,b, ZIVČAK Jozef2,c, CZAN Andrej3,d, STANCEKOVÁ Dana3,e, RADCHENKO Svetlana1,f, VYBOSTEK Jaroslav1,g 1Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies Technical University of Kosice with a seat in Presov, Bayerova 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia 2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Kosice, Letná 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia 3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering - University of Zilina,Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina–Slovakia adusan.mital@tuke.sk, bpeter.michalik@tuke.sk,cjozef.zivcak@tuke.sk, dandrej.czan@fstroj.uniza.sk,edana.stancekova@fstroj.uniza.sk, fsvetlana.radchenko@tuke.sk,ginfo@vavslovakia.sk Keywords: welding, structural steel, non-destructive testing, welding current Abstract.
Metallographic tests – detection of heat affected zone and determination of hardness.
Steel S 235 (Fig. 1) is fine grained steel, quality structural steel, statically and dynamically loaded, where in standard is enshrined chemical composition and mechanical properties.
Tarasovičová, Assessment of statistical signification of factors by machining inhomogeneous materials - WPCApplied Mechanics and Materials, 308, (2013) 165-16 [9] M.

The results indicated that when the ratio of 3-methoxypropionitrile to sulfolane achieves 3:2, the cell showed the optimal photoelectric properties and stability, and the short-circuit current and photoelectric conversion efficiency achieved 7.58mA/cm2 and 2.79%, respectively.
The effects of sulfolane on potoelectric properties and stability of DSSCs were studied.
Another reason could be the reduced electrolyte conductivity, which increased the internal resistance of DSSC, thus reduced the fill factor and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
The increased of the fill factor was induced by the sulfolane with the TiO2 film formed a stable transfer channel for electrons and reduced the internal resistance of the cell.
The measurement of DSSCs indicated that when the ratio of 3-methoxypropionitrile to sulfolane as mixture solvent for electrolyte is 3:2, the cell has the optimal photoelectric properties, the short-circuit current of 7.58mA/cm2 and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.79% were achieved.

The hot-dip galvanized layer which has good adhesion properties composed with zinc layer and iron-zinc alloy layer, and has long history of application and large dosage relatively.
The impurities of aluminum ingot are the primary factor which affects the appearance quality of the hot dip aluminized layer [6].
The impurities are consisted of different components, some elements are bound to affect the infiltration and fluidity of liquid aluminum, and ultimately affect the continuity and appearance quality of hot dip aluminized layer.
The passive film is formed on the surface of the zinc, this is the passivation properties.
[2] Jintang Lu, Qiaoyu Xu, Gang Kong: Hot-dip Plating Technology and Application (Mechanical Industry Press, Beijing 2006)

Sun 1 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China a Luwz991@sina.com.cn Keywords: Diamond Film; Stress; Large Area; Freestanding Abstract.The present paper describes research on stress in freestanding diamond thick film, diameter of 60mm, prepared on Mo substrate by DC arc plasma jet chemical vapor deposition (DCPCVD) method.
Introduction Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond is finding increased application where the exceptional properties attained by diamond are required.
The effect of stress in freestanding diamond film mainly presents as: (1) Internal stress can easily cause film cracking or fracturing during deposition process; (2) Internal stress induces machining crack during machining process; (3) Internal stress causes mechanical or optical connection failure on cutting tool or optical windows.
Fig.3 Stress in CVD diamond film measured by XRD Fig.5 Stress calculated by Raman peak shift The main factors which affect the residual stress in CVD diamond film include the content of sp2 carbon, grain boundary compositions and material defects.
Lu, D.Zuo, M.Wang: J. of China Mechanical Engineering Vol.15 (2004) No.18, p1676 [2] W.Z.

For the ceramisite concrete developed in recent years, because it has marked difference between common concrete in mixing technology and constouctional material and mechanical property[2], In particular, different coarse aggregate can make so much difference from ceramisite concrete and common concret, there is different size effect to concret that made by different ceramsite.
The distribution of aggregate will be affected, if we change depth-width ratio.
For the specimen with differert depth-width ratio, depth-width ratio is the most important factor,the formula 4 can not meet result.Take depth-width ratio as corrected value,improve the formula 3,the formula 5 can be found （5） then，，it is closed to the fact more，and contain many factors.
Influence factors of size effect in experimentation Factors that affect the size effect of concrete have the following: 1, Load rate in experimentation.
Through the experimentation, whether or not the center of pressing machine is aligned with the center of specimen, whether or not the platen of pressing machine is leveled off, whether or not the surface of specimen is leveling, whether or not intersecting plane meet at right angles, these factors will affect the test results. 3, As artificial causes, the distribution of aggregate is not uniformity in mixing, vibratory rammer forming is nonuniform, these produce a huge effect to strength.

CTO like any other bio-based raw material has varying composition based on several factors, such as the type of the trees, geographical location, season of harvesting etc.
The physical and mechanical properties of the foams were measured in accordance with the following standards: foam density ISO 845, compression strength ISO 844, closed cell content ISO 4590, water absorption ISO 12087.
This peculiarity of the polymeric matrix influences the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained rigid PUR foams and especially it decreases the water absorption of these foams, which is important for material, so it would retain a high buoyancy for a long time [10].
Differences in closed cell content were affected by the chosen blowing agent: physical type or chemical type.
Vilsone, Characterization of polyurethane networks structure and properties based on rapeseed oil derived polyol, Eur.

Introduction The welding deformation is the most important factors on welding quality.
However, due to numerous factors involved in welding process, it isn't applicable to predict welding deformation just depending on experiments data, especially for the large structure.
The directed method of thermo-mechanical coupling was taken to simulate welding process in this paper.
The coupling element solid5, the material property which changed with temperature and the bilinear isotropic hardening material model BISO was selected to establish FE model.
It will not only increase the cost but also change the distribution of residual stress, and also will affect fatigue strength and fatigue life of bogie frame.