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It is noted that the dispersion of measured data points about calculated line is relatively small, thus substantiating the good correlation.
Figure 10 shows the example of the specimens tested at the temperature range from 293K to 1073K in compression with a 10% reduction.
Figure 11 shows the flow stress tested at each testing temperature yielding 10% reduction as a function Ni content.

A degressive permeability was assumed to take account of a reduction of the permeability of PVD strip throughout the test.
It is apparent that the degressive permeability adopted is capable of giving better agreement with the measured data.
Therefore, the current degression mode for PVD strip is likely to a useful way to model its reduction of permeability during the consolidation process.

The specimens were subjected to 60% height reduction in temperatures range from 850-1200℃(in step of 50℃) at strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 s-1.
Further, the Zener-Hollomom parameter (Z) is widely used to characterize the combined effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on the hot deformation [16], = (9) The deformation activation energy is calculated based on the peak stress data under different deformation conditions by Eqs. (6), (7) and (8).
The typical microstructure of as-cast 300M steel after 60% height reduction (true strain 0.9) is shown in Figure 8.

The steel plates were cold rolled to total reductions of 20% to 95% (total true strains of 0.22 to 3.0) at room temperature.
The data for hig-Mn austenitic steels are bounded by loci of the form of Eq. (4) with ky of about 350 MPa mm0.5 and 450 MPa mm0.5.
An increase in the rolling reduction promotes the grain refinement after recrystallization annealing.

Such an effect leads to fast increase in dislocation density and hardening due to a reduction in the effective slip distance [8] (Fig. 1b).
TEM images (bright field) of microstructure of Ti after the first step of “abc” deformation at 400°C and 10-3 s-1 to the height reduction e»0.5.
The value of activation energy is in agreement with data obtained earlier by Conrad [12] and indicated that the typical mechanism of warm plastic deformation of conventional titanium as prismatic slip of dislocations controlled plastic flow.

The load and holding times were 10g and 15s, respectively.Each data was an average of more than 5 points.
The repetitive impact of balls could cause the loosely attached particles to be detached resulting in reduction in size of clusters to 35-40μm after 6 hours of milling (Fig. 2).
Further milling resulted in severe plastic deformation of clusters and further reduction in particle size with continued milling.

Most of the available machinability data on Inconel 718 were based on turning, cutting and milling [4-6].
These results demonstrated that the ultrasonic vibration amplitude can greatly contribute to the reduction of grinding forces, implying that the ultrasonic vibration can significantly benefit the grinding efficiency in the grinding process of Inconel 718.
The improvement of surface quality in UAG can be considered to be the contribution of the grinding forces reduction [11]. 　　

In the experiments, a computer data acquisition system was used, the torque of the spindle and the feeding force of the slider are transferred into electrical signals, treated and A/D transferred, then the real-time fore and energy parameters can be calculated and the characteristics of the force and energy variation can be obtained.
However, too small feeding speed will result in the creeping of the hydraulic cylinder and reduce the precision of the rolling process, as well as the reduction of the production efficiency.
Slower radial feeding speed and faster spindle rotating speed is better for the reduction of the deformation resistance and the improvement of the production efficiency.

The microstructure results confirmed that Y3+ improves densification and causes reduction of grain growth.
The phases present in the sample were identified using Match II software of XRD data collected by X-ray diffraction apparatus (X’Pert Diffractometer, Philips) using CuKα radiation.
The increasing frequency (from 1.27 kHz to 1.27 MHz) is accompanied by a reduction in the role of space charge polarization then it replaced by a dipolar polarization.

With regard to the reduction of the computational cost, a boundary tracing method is employed to extract the contour information instead of numerous scanning operations of the sensitive region. 2.
Performance Index of the Recognition Arithmetic The most important data is the position of the cotton’s centroid for the picker robot.The pick precision is related not only to the absolute error of the centroid recognition but also to the cotton size.
With the concern about the reduction of the computation complexity, the cotton image is smoothed firstly by the opening-closing operation.