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This attributes to changes in the material removal mechanism between the two grains.
The reason may be the decreasing load and the increasing abrasive grits numbers between the pad and workpiece.
These pits are considered as the gap between the grains.

Results and discussion 3.1 TiO2 single layer Fig.2 SEM images of TiO2 surface and AFM-RMS as a function of deposition condition for the PAEBE films (a,b) have more fine grain size and lower RMS values than those of e-beam films(c,d).
Although the deposition temperature of EBE method was higher than that of PAEBE, as a RF power increased from 0W to 200W, SEM images show that grain size of surface is significantly fine and RMS values decreased from 2.479nm to 0.95nm.
Schematic diagram of the PAEBE system Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 accelerated into substrate by self-bias, and interacted with particles of the deposited layer or substrate.

a b Fig. 1: Backscattered electrons SEM images of the microstructure of a) tetragonal Ru45Nb55 with two levels of twinning b) monoclinic Ru50Nb50 with three levels of twinning As a consequence of a structural phase transformation with a decrease of the symmetry between the parent phase and the martensite, a finite number of variants is generated in each grain of the parent phase.
In the case of martensitic transformation, because of the unit cell deformation, the self accommodation of the variants is necessary for minimizing the deformation but the equiprobability of nucleation of the variants will lead to an equiprobability for the production of the self-accommodated group of martensite in each grain of the austenite.

(b) the Sr inhibits the formation of AlP nuclei [15], hereby reducing the number of heterogeneous nuclei, resulting in the reduction of the number of primary silicon.
When the Sr content increases up to 0.02 wt%, α-Al phase turns into the equiaxed grains and its branch disappears.
While its number is little, as shwon in Fig. 2a.
Its size increases and the number decreases.
The number of primary silicon also increases.

However, in order to ensure the steady growth of grain production chemical fertilizers, pesticides applied by large-scale in the agricultural production, has resulted in extreme deterioration of water environment in rural areas; with industrial and urban life has been gradually control point source pollution, agricultural non-point source pollution has become China's water contamination of the first subject.
According to the latest agricultural condition of China's Ministry of Agriculture shows that in 2011 China's autumn harvest is a foregone conclusion, the annual grain production is expected to total 11,000 billion kilograms onto a new level, for eight consecutive years to achieve production, yield and total production will hit a record high [ 4].
Although the harvest for eight consecutive years, China's grain production and demand gap is still relatively large, face to domestic land, water resources and ecological environment and other ristrict factors, more and more global climate change, extreme weather events continue to happen in today's , in period of the "twelve five plan", water, soil and other agricultural resources, security issues will be particularly prominent.
According to the multifunctionality of agriculture, between the government and the farmers' principal-agent relationship, farmers (agents) in fact assume a number of tasks of the government (principal), or the agent's work more than one dimension or the target, because this article has multiple functions of agriculture and food production capabilities, simplify food safety and environmental features, and accordingly, the government (the client) commissioned farmers (agents) there are also two target.

Considerable attention has also been focused on the incidence of a number of non-infectious diseases common in civilized societies, such as coronary heart disease, which could be attributed to a low DF intake.
[3] McKeown NM, Yoshida M, Shea MK, et al.: Whole-grain intake and cereal fiber are associated with lower abdominal adiposity in older adults, J Nutr.139 (2009) 1950-1955
[4] Qi L, van Dam RM, Liu S, Franz M, Mantzoros C, Hu FB.Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetes women, Diab Care. 29 (2006) 207-211
[6] Bazzano LA, Song Y, Bubes V, et al.: Dietary intake of whole and refined grain breakfast ceral and weight gain in men, Obes Res. 13 (2005)1952-1960

In the grinding of brittle materials, it is well documented that grinding can occur in the ductile regime if the maximum depth of cut of individual abrasive grains is less than the critical depth of penetration that causes brittle fracture in a material.
The maximum undeformed chip thickness (hmax) represents the maximum depth of penetration of the active abrasive grains into the workpiece in the grinding event. hmax is determined by the bonding material, the depth of cut, wheel velocity, workpiece speed and the cutting tool geometry, can be calculated by [7-8]: (5) where E1 is the elasticity modulus of the grinding wheel; E2 is the modulus of elasticity of the workpiece; r is the chip width-to-thickness ratio (it was suggested that the range of r is 10-20); C is the grain surface density which is usually defined as the number of active points per area of the grinding wheel surface; Vw is workpiece feed rate; Vs is wheel speed; ae is the depth of cut; and deq is the equivalent wheel diameter.

However, the above method is strictly applicable for crystallographically untextured films exhibiting isotropic grain interactions [2].
For textured thin films, the most general approach of stress analysis is to use of the so-called X-ray stress factors involving the crystallographic orientation distribution function (ODF) with appropriate grain interaction model [2,3] which is cumbersome in practice.
For fiber textured specimen, in case of plane rotationally, symmetric state of stress the simplified sin2y law have been derived assuming Reuss type of grain interactions in the specimen.
Some of the major reasons are: (i) simultaneous presence of strong and sharp fiber texture in Ti films deposited for 15min. leads to small number of data points in the plots (Fig.2(c)) which makes the stress analysis unreliable; (ii) use of so-called X-ray diffraction elastic constants in stress analysis does not take into account of crystallographic texture in the films and thus can lead to serious errors in stress values; (iii) large data scatter in CGM plot (Fig.3(a)) may lead to erroneous stress values.

In accordance with the selected model, the lost mass М of a tool was evaluated by the following formula: М = Ka·ρ·Fa· (Ј·σa/σp), where Ka is the adhesion coefficient (volume); ρ is the density of tool material; Ј=(NT+NM)Fa is the intensity of adhesion; NT, NM is, respectively, the number of active centres per unit of area of nominal contact Fa at thermal (NT) and mechanical (NM) activation; σa is the strength of bonds in adhesion centres; σp is the resistance of tool material to destruction.
Assisted synthesis of coatings when using technology has several advantages that are associated with mixing and alloying of deposited condensate by high-energy ions and are developed in the form of the following effects: • high entropic structures of increased hardness and heat resistance are formed at alloying of deposited condensate by various elements; • adhesion strength in the "substrate-coating" system increases significantly; • temperature of processes of the synthesis of coatings different in composition and structure decreases (up to 150-250°C), and that allows forming nano-dimensional grained structure (coagulation of grains is blocked) and significantly expands the range of materials, which may be coated.
It was found out that at the microhardness HV0.05 = 3.2 GPa, adhesion strength with the hard substrate Pcr = 140 N, the thickness of WRC of 3.9 μk, the grain size of 10-12 nm and thickness of subslayers of all three components (WC, IC, AC) of 20-25 nm obtained with UIMP = 30 kV, a tool, equipped with CP of T14K8 of TiN-TiCrAlN when turning steel 40X,provided maximum increase of wear resistance (up to 1.5-2 times) in comparison with the wear resistance of a tool of T14K8 with WRC of similar composition formed using of arc-PVD (fig.1).

On the surface of the Ni-Co-P coating one can observe the fine-grained structure with a high number of interfaces between nickel and cobalt grains which may participate in the HER or the OER (Fig. 2a).
The SEM observations of the surface of the Ni-P coating reveals the very fine-grained structure and at some places small pores are visible (Fig. 2c).