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Material properties of each component of spinal segment except annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus, assumed homogeneous and isotropic, were adopted from relevant literature [13-18].
Elevated stress concentration on the posterior instrumentation represents a significant factor contributing to mechanical failure, a complication frequently documented in fusion surgeries [39].
Miranda, Surgical risk factors associated with the development of adjacent segment pathology in the lumbar spine, EFORT open reviews. 6(10) (2021) 966-972
Shi, A meta-analysis of risk factors for cage migration after lumbar fusion surgery, World Neurosurgery: X. (2023). 100152
Orr, Factors influencing stresses in the lumbar spine after the insertion of intervertebral cages: finite element analysis, European spine journal. 12 (2003) 413-420.

The carbonization of wood surfaces evolves at this temperature, deteriorating its initial mechanical properties.
When the pH-factor of the flame retardant decreases, the fire retardant properties improve, the best fire retardant properties are obtained when the pH-factor is equal to or less than 5.5.
High-Temperature Properties of Steel for Fire Resistance Modeling of Structures // Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.
Properties of constructional materials and assessment of their properties [Text] / А.L.
Method of determination of flame-proof properties (with Change N 1).

Sathya Sai Nathan4,e 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kallooppara, Kerala, India 3 Cell for Industrial Safety and Risk Analysis, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India aspshivam@nitt.edu, btrichy_rajan@yahoo.co.in, cjosekaniyampady@gmail.com, dclrimsn@gmail.com, esathyanarayanan853355@gmail.com.
Among the process parameters, peak current and pulse duration was found to strongly affect the emission and performance aspects.
The properties of the workpiece materials are shown in the Table 1.
Properties of the workpiece materials Properties Mild Steel Tool Steel Aluminium Melting point (ºC) 1523 1421 660 Boiling Point (ºC) 3300 3134 2467 Thermal conductivity (W/m-ºK) 51.9 76.2 227 Specific heat capacity (J/g- ºC) 0.472 0.461 0.9 Measurement of output parameters They are mainly four output parameters to be analyzed in this process like, Aerosol Emission Rate (AE), Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and Relative Emission Rate (RER).
Peak current is the main factor governing the process energy of the EDM process.

Dynamic Sliding Mode Control Scheme for Electro-hydraulic Velocity Servo System Qi Zhang1,a , jingdong Zhang2,3,b ,Rui Tang1,3,c， 1School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pan-zhihua University, Jichang Road No.10, Sichuan,Panzhihua617000,China 2 School of Transportation and Automobile Engineering, Pan-zhihua University, Jichang Road No.10, Sichuan,Panzhihua617000,China 3 School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering ,Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu61065,China apzhuzq@126.com, bzjdzhangjingdong@163.com, cpzhutr@163.com, Keywords: electro-hydraulic servo control systems;mathematical model;chartering;dynamic sliding mode control;simulation ; Abstract.
Given that the quality and stability of servo system will be affected by the chartering phenomenon in the SMC, this paper proposes an approach to overcome the chattering: dynamic sliding mode control (DSMC).
However, when the state trajectory reaches the sliding surface, the time lag switch, spatial lag switch, the system's inertia, uncertainties and other factors[4], make the system difficult to reach the balance point along the sliding surface strictly, but cross both sides of sliding surface in back and forth, thus resulting in chattering.
And the property of servo system will be damaged.
Therefore, the impact of some discontinuous factors in the controlling law of SMC has been moved into the first order or higher order derivatives terms.

PH value affects the photocatalytic degradation by causing differences in adsorption properties of toxin molecules to catalyst surface.
Research about how all kinds of factors play a role in algaecide were done.
Preparation and photocatalytic properties of nano-TiO2 mixing Si/M[J].Journal of Sichuang University, 2007, 44(4):873-877
Preparation and Photocatalytic Properties of RE-metal Co-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles[J].
Synthesis and characterization of WO3/titanate nanotubes nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic properties.

Introduction High purity alumina is featured with excellent optical, magnetic, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties [1].
And the core process of this method is the synthesis of ammonium hydroxide carbonate, which will directly affect performance and quality of ultrafine Alumina products and their burning products. 2.4 Activation hydrolysis of high purity aluminum Liu Jianliang et al [13] coldly atomize aluminum to produce active powder, and then with Al-H2O as the action system, activate the hydrolysis reaction and maintain the reaction; the hydrolysis reaction equation is expressed as follows: After calcinations, hydrolyzed products can obtain high-purity ultrafine Al2O3 powders.
However, this method requires a high condition; first, it should choose high-purity aluminum and pure water as raw materials to ensure the purity of the final product, and also requires high-purity aluminum in a high activity state and other limiting factors when using specific activate refining equipment. 2.5 Sol - gel method Chen Zhong et al [14] adopt an organic ligand sol - gel method, add organic ligand and metal ions in aqueous solution to form complexes, and then allow it to make hydrolysis and polymerization by adjusting pH, temperature and other conditions; by the sol - gel method, it can form a spatial structure and then after dehydration and calcination, it can receive the products.
However, the method has higher raw material requirements, for example, raw materials should be 99.996% of fine aluminum and be processed into aluminum foil around 0.1mm; the rate of the reaction process is determined based on the speed of hydrogen spillover, which is greatly influenced by human factors. 2.7 Preparation of fly ash Ji Huiming et al [15] firstly use sodium carbonate as the activator to activate alumina in the fly ash, then elute alumina and control the purity, nucleation and growth process of AL (OH)3by adding the amount and concentration of hydrochloric acid and the pH value of the dissolution, and then after calcination, alumina powder is generated.
Mechanical Engineering Materials, 2006, 03: 44 -47

Enrichment factors (EF) indicated that the order of pollution level was as follows: Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Ni＞Cr＞Pb.
TOC is an important factor when analyzing the source and distribution of metals [17], so we also calculated the correlation factors between TOC and metals (Table 4).
(2) Enrichment factors were calculated to assess the sediment quality.
Blaha, Change of magnetic properties due to fluctuations of hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater in unconsolidated sediments, Environ.Pollut. 158(2010) 1756-1762
Cabrera, Horizontal and vertical variability of soil properties in a trace element contaminated area, Int.J.Appl.Earth.Obs,10 (2008) 11–25

The bonding strength and comprehensive properties significantly depend on composite billet and rolling process, for the differences in physical properties between heterogeneous metals.
Mechanical behaviour of laminated metal composites.Inter.
Wang.Interface characteristic and properties of stainless steel/HSLA steel clad plate by vacuum rolling cladding.
Interfacial microstructure and properties of a vacuum hot roll-bonded titanium stainless steel clad plate with a niobium interlayer.
Microstructure and tensile properties of AISI 316 stainless steel electron-beam cladded on C40 mild steel.

Studies have shown that the yield strength and tensile strength properties of the tubing and casing materials show a downward trend with increasing temperature.
According to the statistical principle of data[9], three samples were used for each temperature in this test to determine the above properties.
The tensile properties of the casing material were tested in accordance with standards ASTM A370-14 and ASTM E21-09 at 20℃, 100℃, 150℃, 200℃, and 250℃.
During the process of yield strength changing with temperature, the four pipes exhibit similar thermodynamic properties.
[7] API 5C3 Bulletin on Formulas and Calculations for Casing, Tubing, Drill Pipe, and Line Pipe Properties Casing design[S]

These processes strongly affect functional properties of the clad [2-3].
This leads to decrease of the strength properties of the clad.
It is clear that they play a decisive role in shaping of the clad mechanical properties.
Pstruś, The effect of detonation velocity and stand-off distance on the interface morphology and electro-mechanical properties of Ti/Cu clad composites produced by explosive welding, Metal.
Gülenç, Microstructural and mechanical properties of Cu-Ti plates bonded through explosive welding process, J.