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An inorganic shell on a metal particle considerably improves thermal stability of a core and is reliable to protect its surface from oxidation-reduction reactions [5].
Unlike clusters in metal or organic shell, particles in a silicon shell are rather stable as silicon is chemically inert and it reliably protects the surface of the internal particle from oxidation-reduction reactions if the core is in a hermetic shell [9].
Empirical data in the course of numerous researches have shown that nanoclusters of one and the same metal may have different structure [17] and, along with this, fluctuations of different structural modifications by melting temperatures for nanoparticles of big size were observed microscopically [18].
Chen, AgAu Bimetallic Janus Nanoparticles and Their Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media, Langmuir 28 (2012) 17143-17152

In the XXI century ceramic production faced the problem of reduction of their stocks.
With increase of humidity, intensity and the amount of powders sediment increases at relatively low compacting pressures, however, excessive moisture leads to density reduction as compared to the maximum which can be achieved at a given pressure.
The discovered data indicates that plastic deformations end and elastic deformations of the grains of powder begin with pressing pressure is 15-16 MPa that corresponds to a transition from the second to the third stage of the pressing process.
Kurnosov, Reduction of the cycle of heat treatment in the technology of ceramic bricks compression molding, Building Materials. 4 (2013) 42-43

The catalysts were dried overnight at 120 °C and finally activated by a reduction under H2 (20 mL.min1) for 3 h at 350 °C to obtain platinum and ruthenium in the metallic state.
It was also activated by a reduction under H2 in same conditions.
After a reduction under H2 (350 °C, 1 h) and a degassing under argon (350 °C, 3 h), some hydrogen pulses (0.26 ml) were injected at regular interval of time.
Crystallite size of the catalyst supports (Table 2) shows that the addition of 5 % weight of platinum did not significantly modify the structural data as well as the BET values.

Introduction In recent decades, long-span prestressed concrete continuous bridge and continuous rigid frame bridge have become increasingly popular in china, however, some bridges appeared excessive downwarping (more than 100mm) after several years of operation, which results in not only large increasing of maintenance cost and unaesthetic, but also reduction of the degree of structure security.
Concerning the factors lead to excessive long-term deflection of bridge, most scholars presently focus on the shrinkage and creep of concrete, whereas ignoring the effect of shear stiffness reduction at segmental joints section on long-term deflection of bridges.
Thus, deflection caused by shear stiffness reduction of segmental joist should be considered into the design of bridges.
Based on the experimental data and finite element analysis, the formula calculating the total area of shear-keys is proposed, however it is necessary for the formula (4) or (5) to point out that the effect of prestress contributing to the shear stiffness of joints is not taken into account.

This strain was selected for further studies based on the best surface tension reduction and emulsification activity.
It showed the best surface tension reduction from 71.2 to 38.0 mN/m as well as an emulsification activity of 50%.
Isolate L5 was clustered into genus Agrobacterium rubi by 100% bootstrap confidence based on 16S rRNA (data not shown).
Salt ions will bind the carboxylic group of biosurfactant and then the surface tension reduction area between water/air was lost.

a) Band contrast EBSD map of the microstructure of a titanium stabilized 409 ferritic stainless steel after cold rolling to 50% reduction followed by annealing at 750oC for 200s illustrating the unrecrystallized bands (numbered 1,2 and 3) of a-fibre oriented grains.
The plot shows the recrystallization kinetics for materials rolled to different levels of cold reduction (r) and annealed at 750oC.
Comparison of extended JMAK model predictions to experimental data from titanium stabilized 409 stainless steel samples annealed at 750oC after cold rolling to 25% (squares) and 50% (circles) reduction.

If going back to some deformation regulations through relying on the data collected on-the-spot merely, it was inevitably that the application scope would be narrow.
Choosing the node 1 to 6 as research object, the temperature distribution law of node was shown as figure 3 at the time. 0 153045607590 Distance /mm 550 650 750 850 950 1,050 Temperature /℃ 12 3 4 5 6 Fig. 3 Temperature distribution curve of nodes in border By analyzing the figure 3 we could know that the temperature presented the tendency of reduction in the area of node 1 to 2.
The temperature reduction was most obvious between the area of node 3 and 4, especially the node 4, which was because of node 4 located in the end of flange side, and the heat exchange compared obviously between this node and its nearby area.
The general change tendency was: the temperature of every node had the tendency of reduction with the time increasing.

The output layer nodes represents outer diameter of the ith pass and wall thickness, and also reflects the finished outside diameter and wall thickness influence on them, which are designed to be data dimensionless processing, convenient for neural network training.
According to the principle of similarity theory, the structure of neural network is used and shown in Figure 4, the structure of the neural network is as follows: Take five nodes of input layer: the mandrel nose cone angle α, the outer die cone angle β, the elongation λ, the initial diameter of the wall k and the reduction wall less than j; An output layer nodes: the average drawing stress F; hidden layer can be set as 13 nodes depending on the circumstances and not too much, otherwise network instability may be caused.
D0 (mm) S0(mm) D1 (mm) S1 (mm) α β nλ k j F (MPa) 1 30 1.65 25 1.54 10 12 1.295 18.18 0.400 234.42 2 26.95 1.07 23.87 0.85 11 13 1.415 25.19 1.799 179.96 3 32.07 1.481 24.15 1.23 10.8 12.9 1.607 21.65 0.686 351.05 4 31.37 1.511 24.15 1.23 9 12.5 1.600 20.76 0.808 340.77 …… … … … … … 60 8 0.98 6.35 0.91 10 12 1.390 8.16 0.346 239.35 D0 -Outer diameter at inlet, S0-Thickness as inlet, D1-Outer diameter at exit, S1-Thickness at exit, α-Mandrel angle, β-Die angle, λ- elongation, k- Initial ration os diameter to thickness, j- Ratio of thickness reduction and diameter reduction, F- Drawing stress 2.2.3 Optimization the mandrel angle and the outer die angle by genetic algorithm The trained ANN, the GA global optimization search for the optimal parameter combination of the outer die cone angle and mandrel nose cone angle, the other geometrical parameters of the die is generated by the inference engine.

The principles of GBE include the frequent introduction of a high fraction of strong low-Σ boundaries into the grain boundary networks, the reduction of the fraction of weak random boundaries and changing the geometry of grain boundaries, such as effectively interrupt the connectivity of random boundary networks [5, 6].
The compressing treatment was carried out at room temperature by 5 - 70% reduction in height.
The microstructure and grain boundary misorientation data obtained from EBSD were processed and analyzed using TSL OIM software.
Since the reduction of total grain boundary energy is the driving force of microstructure change, and the energy of the low-Σ boundary is less than the random boundary.

In addition, since the precipitates were observed by TEM in thin foil specimens, the raw EDS microanalytic data have required a post-processing in order to eliminate the interference of the matrix.
The reduction of area at different temperatures, reported in Fig. 4b, shows that ductility decreases in the range from 300 °C to 500 °C with a maximum at 600 °C.
Although a partial recovery of ductility is observed after annealing, nevertheless a limited reduction is still present around 400 °C.
a b Fig. 4 YS and UTS (a) and reduction of area (b) of asextruded ODS-steel in comparison with asextruded not reinforced steel matrix as a function of test temperature.