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El-Danaf, M.S.
El-Rayes, Enhancement of mechanical properties and grain size refinement of commercial purity aluminum 1050 processed by ECAP, Materials Science and Engineering A 458 (2007) 226–234
S, Ehab A., El-Danafa A., Abdulhakim A., Effect of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing Process on Properties of 1050 Al Alloy, Materials and Manufacturing Processes Vol.27, Issue 7, (2011) 746-750.

[5] Annealing Study of Al-Mg Wrought Alloys using Two Different Techniques and Estimation of the Activation Enthalpy of Migrating Defects Ahmed G.Attallah , M.
A.Abdel-Rahman, M.El-sayed, A.
Aly and Emad A.Badawia Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Minia University, Egypt aemadbadawi@yahoo.com Keywords: Activation Enthalpy of Migration, Al-Mg Wrought Alloys, Electrical Resistivity, Hardness, Isothermal Annealing Abstract The electrical resistivity and the corresponding mechanical properties (hardness) of some 5xxx Al-Mg alloy processed by plastic deformation were investigated.
Experimentally the situation is not simple as well: the elastic stored energy is low (a few tenths of J/g in Al), even for high strains, making its measurement difficult.
Niranjani et al., Materials Science and Engineering A, 515 (2009) 169–174 [17] A.

The Luminescence Properties of ZnO:Al Nanopowders Obtained by Sol-gel, Plasma and Vaporization-condensation Methods Larisa Grigorjeva 1,a, Donats Millers 1,b, Krishjanis Smits 1,c , Claude Monty 2,d, Jules Kouam 2,e and Lassad El Mir 3,f 1 Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia 2 CNRS laboratoire Procédés, Matériaux et Énergie Solaire (PROMES), Odeillo, Font Romeu 66120, France 3 L.
The concentration of Al in the raw material ranged between 0.8 - 5.1 at.% Al in the PL powders and 3-15 at.% Al in the SG powders.
SEM images of ZnO:Al (5.1 at.
The different exciton states were 3at.% Al 6at.% Al 9at.% Al 15at.% Al-2 15at.% Al-10 100000 200000 300000 Luminescence intensity, a.u.
In PL ZnO:Al powders the ZnAl2O4 phase was detected.

To solve the problem, Lu, et al [11] put forward a fiber wall element model composed of a fiber element that represents the flexural deformation only and a shear element that represents the shearing; Qi, et al [12] combined the shear behavior with the fiber section using “section aggregator” command provided by OpenSees to model shear walls; Beyer, et al [13] suggested set a Zero-Length element (as a shear spring) at the center of the element to take account of the shear effect.
The shear wall analyzed below is modeled with the method suggested by Qi, et al [12].
Table. 2 shows that the responses differ obviously: damping effects under El-Centro wave and Hollister wave are more satisfactory than the other two.
References [1] Muto Kiyoshi: Dynamic Design of Structures, translated by Jia-lu Teng, et al, China Building Industry Press (1984, in Chinese)
[10] S Mazzoni, F Mckenna, M H Scott, et al: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation User Command-Language Manual (2009)

Ghali1*a, Hoda El-Faramawy2,b, Mamdouh Eissa3,c 1,2,3ElFelzat Street, Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI), El-Tibeen, Helwan Cairo – Egypt a,*Professor Acting Dean Metal Technology Institute, a3708052@gmail.com bProfessor Emeritus, hodahoda60@gmail.com cProfessor Emeritus, Mamdouh_eissa@yahoo.com Keywords: Solubility, Nitrogen, Stainless steel Abstract.
In the order of Cu < Co < Ni < Al < Si < C < N alloying have negative effect on nitrogen solubility, while in the order of W < Mo < Mn < Cr < Nb < V < Ti alloying have positive effect on nitrogen solubility in molten stainless steel.
Bezobrazov et al [9]. proposed empirical formula for nitrogen solubility with temperature and pressure.
By applying Equations 7 and 8 on the results obtained by Anson et al [15] on stainless steel (0.04%C, 22.35%Cr, 0.9%Mn and 0.36%Si) at 1600 oC and 1800 oC, it was found that there is a deviation of both equations as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
According to Schaeffler diagram Speidel et al [17] found that, phases of stainless steels can be predicted by using chromium and nickel equivalents of stainless steels.

Hong et al reported that substrates with more Pd tend to possess higher interfacial energy in the SAC/ECEPIG solder joints [5].
In another system, the Cu6Sn5 at the interface detached into two parts after adding more Ni to the solder, as reported by Tsai et al. [22].
Another work by Yen et al, found that adding more W content in the Ni substrate, caused more spalling in Ni3Sn4 [23].
Laurila, “Effect of Ti on the interfacial reaction between Sn and Cu,” J Mater Sci-Mater El.
Kao, “Interfacial reaction issues for lead-free electronic solders,” J Mater Sci-Mater El., vol. 18, pp. 155-174, Mar. 2007

pm eZ th AVG S SB el υ µ µµ µ * 2 , 111 mod = += ( ) LVV WNeI thG el inv DSat − ⋅ = modµ Fig. 7.
Lu et al.: IEEE Trans.

The TEM micrograph of as-cast Al alloy.
Charit et al. [2004] and Y.Z.
Ma et al. [2003], respectively.
El Rayes, E.A.
El Danaf, M.S.

El Batal, A.A.
El Kheshen, M.A.
Sharaf El-Deen, M.S.
Al Salhi, M.M.

Alloy C Al Sn H O N Fe Ti Ti5Al2.5Sn 0.009 5.31 2.74 0.0037 0.092 0.0041 0.03 Balance Experiments Tensile properties were evaluated using specimens having 25 mm gauge length.
Sl No Specimen Description UTS, MPa YS, MPa %El (25Gl) % RA Remarks 1 Smooth-LH2 Exposed 1310-1320 1100-1115 9.5-10.5 10 20K 2 Smooth- LH2 unexposed 1300-1360 1110-1115 9-10.5 8 3 Smooth-LH2 Exposed 1140-1160 1050-1060 9-9.5 17 77K 4 Smooth- LH2 unexposed 1100-1160 1020-1040 9-9.5 16 The strength and ductility of the specimens, both LH2 exposed and unexposed samples explained that there was no significant hydrogen environmental effect on this alloy.
Sl No Specimen Description UTS, MPa YS, MPa %El (25Gl) Remarks 1 Flat parent-LH2 exposed 1325-1350 1040-1050 13-15 20K 2 Flat parent- LH2 unexposed 1360-1365 1045-1070 14-15.5 3 Flat parent-LH2 exposed 1180-1230 1000-1010 16-17 77K 4 Flat parent- LH2 unexposed 1160-1210 1000-1010 13-16 The tensile properties of flat parent and welded specimens (LH2 exposed and unexposed conditions) are given in tables 4 and 5 respectively.
No Specimen Description UTS, MPa YS, MPa %El (25Gl) Remarks 1 Flat weld-LH2 exposed 1360-1370 1135-1160 14-15 20K 2 Flat weld- LH2 unexposed 1410-1434 1160-1200 13-14 3 Flat weld-LH2 exposed 1240-1250 1070-1090 14-15 77K 4 Flat weld- LH2 unexposed 1180-1190 1050-1060 15-16 The strength and ductility of the parent and welded flat specimens (both LH2 exposed and unexposed) revealed that there is no significant hydrogen environmental effect on this material due to the lower hydrogen contents as low as 40ppm.