Solubility of Nitrogen in Austenitic Stainless Steel

Abstract:

Modified stainless steel grade X45CrNiW 18-9 has been developed through replacement of nickel by nitrogen. The modified steels have been produced in induction furnace under nitrogen pressure and were cast into round ingots with 100 mm diameter. The cast modified stainless steels were forged, followed by air cooling. The nitrogen contents were determined and compared with those calculated using Institute of Metal Science (IMS) equation: The results showed that there are great deviations between the actual nitrogen contents and predicted values through IMS equation. So, an equation has been derived based on chemical composition, pressure and temperature at 1600 °C. [N%] = 0.0078 + 0.0406*X, where X is function of chemical composition and nitrogen pressure. The derived equation has been used to calculate the nitrogen content of different stainless steels using published data. The results reveal the difficulty of deriving a general equation for the prediction of nitrogen content covering different steel compositions. So it is necessary to use narrow composition range. The phases of modified stainless steels have been investigated using Schaeffler diagram, dilatometer and microstructure observations. Both partial and total replacement of nickel using 0.33-0.50% nitrogen, are effective to produce a modified fully austenitic stainless steel grade X45CrNiW 18-9.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1148)
• Pages: 43-52
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-JgVJ0c
• Online since: May 2025
• Authors: Saeed Ghali*, Hoda El-Faramwy, Mamdouh Eissa
• Keywords: Nitrogen, Solubility, Stainless Steel

References

[1] W. Nickel, H. Jansen, The International Meehanite Metal Co.Ltd., Casting Engineering / Foundry World Spring, (1982), 49-60.

[2] J. Andrew, The Iron and Steel Institute, London, U.K., VII, (1912), 210-226.

[3] J. Frehser, Ch. Kubisch, Stähle-Berg und Hüttenmännische Monat-shafte, 108(1963), 11, 369-380.

[4] Y. Ikegami, R. Nemoto, Effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on mechanical properties of high – nitrogen containing Cr-Mn-Ni austenitic stainless steels, ISIJ Int., 36(1996), 9, 855-861.

DOI: 10.2355/isijinternational.36.855

[5] J. Chipman, D. A. Corrigan, AIME Trans., 233(1965), 1249-1252.

[6] J.F. Elliot, M. Gleiser, V. Ramakrishna, Thermochemistry for Steelmaking, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA,(1963).

[7] M. Hansen, K. Anderko, Constitution of binary alloys, McGraw-Hill Inc., NY-Toronto-London, U.K., (1958), 670-675.

[8] G. F. Torkhov, G. M. Grigorenko, V. I. Lakomski, Yu. M. Pomarin, Automatical Welding (in Russian) 10, (1971), 16-20.

[9] S.V. Bezobrazov, A. G. Ponomarenko, E. N. Inozemtseva, News Acad. of Sci of USSR, Metals (in Russian) 3(1960), 53-59.

[10] A. Sieverts, G. Zapf, Z. Phys. Chemie A, 172, (1935), 314-315.

[11] V. P. Fedotov, A. M. Samarin, Reports of Acad. Sci. of USSR (in Russian), 122, (1958), 4, 597-599.

[12] G. M. Grigorenko, Yu. M. Pomarin, Sov. Tech. Rev. Weld and Surf. , Harvard Acad. Publ GmbH, GB, 1, (1990).

[13] K. Nakajima, S. Okamoto, Appl. Phys., 73, (1990), 92.

[14] T. Rashev, 'High nitrogen steels, metallurgy under pressure, Publ. House Bulgarian Acad. of Sci., Sofia, Bulgaria, (1995).

[15] O. R. Anson, R. J. Pomfret, A. Hendry, ISIJ Intern., 36, (1996), 7, 750-758.

[16] G. Krauss, Principle of heat treatment of steel, American Society for Metals (AMS), Metals Park, (1980).

[17] M. O. Speidel, P. J. Uggowitzer, R. A. Lula Proc. Materials Week 92, Chicago, ASM Int., (1993), 135.