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EBIC Study on Metal Contamination at Intra Grain Defects in Multicrystalline Silicon for Solar Cells T.
However, mc-Si includes numerous defects, such as grain boundaries (GBs) and intra-grain defects that act as minority carrier recombination centers.
Up to now, grain sizes have been enlarged to improve conversion efficiency by reducing the impacts of GBs [4-6], and grain become larger than the minority carrier diffusion length.
The small angle grain boundary (SA-GB) is one of the intra-grain defects with strong gettering abilities and act as minority carrier recombination centers [8, 9].
The numbers with arrow on the dark lines indicate misorientation angles at SA-GBs.

The grains of ECAP are further refined to 6μm.
For ECAP precessed sample, grain boundary sliding happens and the proportion of high-angle grains are improved, which makes grain boundary sliding easier.
It is because that the number of enabled slip systems are few and only slip systems on basal plane is completely activated.
Grain boundary belongs to defects essentially.
While for ECAP, the enhancement of high-angle grain boundary contributes to the grain boundary sliding.

Ultrafine-Grained HSLA Steel Processed using MAF: Dry sliding Wear and Corrosion Behaviour Aditya.
Submicron sized grain size was obtained after warm MAF.
It shows equiaxed ferrite grains with banded pearlite colonies.
In general, materials with higher grain boundary densities exhibit higher wear rates than those with lower grain boundary densities or single crystals.
Lee, Effect of the number of ECAP pass time on the electrochemical properties of 1050 Al alloys, Mater.

For the classification of structural changes at cyclic deformation of high-purity aluminium the dependence of microhardness on the number of loading cycles was chosen (Fig. 1).
This process is accompanied by the abrupt microhardness increase with the increasing number of loading cycles.
The dependence of microhardness on the number of loading cycles The II-nd Stage is characterized by the abrupt decrease of microhardness increase speed (Fig.1).
The grain-boundary migration is a highly effective accommodative process of contiguous deformable grains.
This fact proves that the grain boundary hardness is smaller than the hardness of the grain volume.

Then by the same FESEM, the surface morphology was studied to see the grain size and the porosity of each film based on the number of coatings.
There is difference in the grain size of each deposition times as each has bigger grain size which increase with the deposition times.
When the grain size increase, it is hard for the current to flow.
Smaller grain size will increase the current flow between the grains and so increase in the I-V.
Summary The thickness of TiO2 increase due to the number of deposition times and this is also due to the grain size of each deposition time which also increases with the number of coatings.

They are numbered from #1 to #8 for further processing.
Crystal grain short-circuit grain boundary ITO film’s pattern The ITO film is composed of a number of grains in different sizes, and there are grain boundaries among them [2-11].
Thus, some electrons that are obstructed by grain boundary and can only move within one grain in ITO film are able to flow into another grain through the bridge.
For the ITO film with lower sheet resistance, the number of ∆ is small in unit length, the number of ∆ that it is short-circuited by the grains of second layer is small, and so the effect of conduction modulation is not remarkable.
Conclusion It can be known from above analysis that the film is composed of a number of grains, for many materials, scattering effect of a number of barriers ∆ is very remarkable on carriers, thus, the film is changed into insulators.

An average diameter of grains in Ti-alloy is about 3µm.
The numbers Ԙ㨪ԧ in the figure correspond to analyzed areas of composition, and the values obtained are tabulated in the inserted table (at%).
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) change of the Ti-alloy substrate is shown in Fig. 4.
Discussion Miniaturization of Ti-alloy Grains.
Recrystallized grains must have little lattice defects.

Ferrite grain size of electropulsed samples was refined compared to similarly annealed samples.
To assess the difference between electropulsed and conventionally heat-treated annealed microstructures, a number of samples were furnace treated at a range of temperatures below the eutectoid temperature (728°C) (Fig. 6-8).
Comparing with the ferrite grain size of the unelectropulsed samples furnace-treated at 650 and 700 ºC (Fig.10), it was found that: i) a higher percentage of electropulsed grains (85%) than furnace treated grains (39% and 66% respectively) were smaller than 0.5μm2; ii) a higher percentage of electropulsed grains (83%) than furnace treated grains (33% and 48% respectively) had major axis length less than or equal to 1μm; iii) a higher percentage of electropulsed grains (84%) than furnace treated grains (47% and 57% respectively) had aspect ratio (major axis/minor axis length) less than or equal to 2.
These findings show that electropulsing produced a larger number of smaller equiaxial ferrite grains than traditional annealing over a similar time/temperature regime. 6 7 8 Figure 6-8.
Similar grain growth retardation behaviour has been reported in the literature in different materials [8,9].

To facilitate the measurements of strain gradients inside the grains, a specimen with very large grains has been chosen.
The procedure of recrystallization and grain growth was optimized in order to obtain grain sizes of about 5 mm.
Sample with large grains.
A meshed sample with its grains numbered.
Grain 3: a.

The results showed that compared to the flooding and aerobic treatment, the intermittent irrigation increased grain yield by 7.55-29.58%, which contributed to the increase of seed setting rate and panicle number.
Uptake of metals from the soil by plants can be influenced by a number of plant characteristics and also by edaphic factors including the bioavailability of metals.
Grain yield and yield components (number of panicles per pot, seed setting rate, panicle length and grain weight) were determined.
The Cd concentrations in the grain was above the maximum Chinese level of 0.2 mg/kg.
Comparing the three water management regimes, intermittent irrigation ensured high grain yield combined with relatively low Cd in grain.