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Almost each of the presented technologies has a number of limitations associated with the application of additive technologies.
In addition, when processing deep cavities, a number of difficulties arise that require specialized equipment.
The roughness obtained because of the laser polishing process is influenced by the initial parameters of roughness, thermal properties and homogeneity of the material, as well as the average grain size and statistical distribution by the size of the grains in the material.

For ablation, Nd: YAG laser (wave length 1064 nm, number of laser shots 800 shot, pulse duration 6 ns, and focus 1 mm) was used.
The number of bacteria was estimated by OD method. 3.
The grain size of these layers had a graphical distribution, as depicted in Fig.3-c.
a) b) c) Fig. (3): AFM results for Cp-Ti coated with BG: a) and b) morphology of coating layer, (c) grain size graphical distribution Fig.4 shows that the surface roughness of the coating groups manifested the significantly increasing roughness values compared with that of the uncoated groups.

Standard quartz sand with maximum grain size of 2.5 mm was used as aggregate in order to prepare mortars.
However, if we compare differential intruded volume which refers to the number of pores, it is obvious that most of the pores in alkali-activated slag is smaller than 10 nm whereas pores in cement matrix are split in two regions – one below 10 nm and the other between 20 and 300 nm of pore size (Fig. 1B).
Bernal et al. [19] used high-resolution X-ray fluorescence microscopy for the characterization of distinct particles embedded in blast furnace slag grains and proved the existence of metallic iron nanoparticles which do not take part in alkaline activation of slag.
AAS matrix also contains a large number of micropores containing pore solution of very soluble and mobile hydrated Na+ ions.

It is worth to know that the proposed procedure includes the precision boring operations to obtain the required wall thickness from off-the-shelf seamless tube, laser cutting to change the shape, vacuum annealing adjust crystal grain size of material and eliminate stress, and the last part surface finishing operations to modify the surface features like smoothness and texture.
The vacuum annealing for stents will be able to refine the crystal grain size and improve materials of ductility, which can improve the fatigue life; In the process of vacuum annealing, it needs to strictly control the heating/cooling speed and time, and provide appropriate holding time at the process.
Therefore, the stent of electrolytic polishing process has to be constantly adjusted and controlled for the appropriate current density, work of temperature and polishing number of times.
The current density size and processing number of times are required to constantly adjust and/or change its accordance with the different stent lengths and surface area size.

The composition of the final film compound was expected to be adjusted by the numbers of the placed tablets.
Although extraordinary preferential growth of individual crystal grains was not observed, as confirmed by the overall evenness of the surface as shown in Fig. 3a, the surface of this thin film is much rougher than the amorphous ones, as presented by the micrograph of Fig. 3b, at a higher magnification.
It is worth mentioning that the crystals formed herein also showed preferential growth on the (100) plane, as evidenced by the XRD pattern (Fig. 4b), as well as the columnar grain features on the fracture surface (Fig. 4a) Fig. 4 Cross section of the nano-crystalline / amorphous (Cr0.9V0.1)2AlC film deposited at 703 K (a), and its XRD patterns (b).
When temperature approaches the transition, MAX phase crystallites nucleate on the amorphous surface, with the number of nucleation sites increasing with temperature.

From such studies we know also some boundary conditions to counteract low-temperature degradation, namely by replacing yttria [14], adding alumina or changing the grain size [15, 16].
These bodies were sintered for 2 hours at 1530°C in air to fully dense ceramic bodies (ρ = 6.05 g/cm3) with a median grain size of ≈ 0.6 µm and consisted only of tetragonal ZrO2, according to Rietveld-analysis of X-ray diffraction data.
Only the comparison of a larger number of data sets (Fig. 3) is providing more convincing evidence: all in all the interpretation of an exponential trend for each individual set, but with differing incubation periods, after which the process starts, is compelling.
Fig. 4: FIB section from a 3Y-TZP sample exposed for 3.6 years dry conditions at 37°C: A layer of largely monoclinic Zirconia, visible by the typical lamellae-texture, extends 1-2 µm into the material Fig. 3: A larger number of data sets for the monoclinic fraction development of 3Y-TZP Zirconia as detected by surface XRD after exposure to dry air at 37°C with consistent exponential fits The deviation from such a function in Fig. 1 at long exposure times reflects the time, when the layer covers the complete analyzed depth for the method at hand, in our case about 3.5 µm (for Co-Kα radiation with 10° incidence angle and the used set-up).

The hydration of magnesia grains is one important issue as it leads to local volume expansion, which induces internal stresses and crack inceptions [8].
For the digital image number i, comprising a series of Q4 elements (Fig. 3a), where each one is firstly assigned to a group.
Finally, the total crack network length c, the surface crack density χ (χ = c/SROI, where SROI is the ROI surface) and the average opening displacement ∆u are obtained by cumulation over the number of elements containing cracks.
As the hydration of MgO particles initiates at the grain boundaries of the polycrystalline material, it is limited to a fine surrounding layer.

However, for a number of reasons up to the present time the production of pressed peat the phenomenon in Russia and in the Ural-Siberian region is not widespread.
By its properties, peat modified by nanoparticle aggregates can fully meet the requirements for aggregates for lightweight concretes, and even surpass them in a number of specific properties.
Arakelyan [14] the work of concrete under load consists of two components: the work of the mortar matrix and the work of filler grains, different depending on the ratio of their volumes in the material.
Thus, in peat polystyrene concrete at the initial stage of loading, the mortar matrix works together with the grains of a rigid filler – peat, and after overcoming the elastic limit, when there is a surge in the growth of residual deformations, the main filler – polystyrene granules-is included in the work of the material.

First, because of the growth of number of cities and population, expansion of the size of the industry, the improvement of residents living standard and so on, water consumption on city life and industrial development grew rapidly, increased the demand for agricultural water resources.
Shandong province is one of the major of grain, cotton, oil, vegetables, fruit and so on in the countryside.
Grain, cotton output listed second nationwide.
Quite a number of surface water resource are from rivers runoff.

For example, nanoscaled thin metallic films are of great importance in a number of scientific and technological fields, including microelectronics, optical devices, catalysis, and chemical and biological sensors [1].
Among all the Ni films, the average grain size is smaller on the quartz substrate than on the other two types of substrates, suggesting a smaller critical nucleation rate and therefore a smaller deposition rate.
For the Pt films, the average grain size is larger on the quartz substrate than on the other two types of substrates, suggesting a larger critical nucleation rate and therefore a higher deposition rate.
Numbers in the parenthesis represent deposition rates that are normalized to the lowest deposition rate in the same column.