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Linear-elastic material properties [5-9] or elastic-plastic material properties [10-14] are used for the description of the material behaviour.
Hence from a mechanical point of view often shear crack growth is the leading crack growth mechanism.
The material properties of the elastic-plastic material model with combine hardening can be found in [14].
The computed crack driving force is the same for all contours until a relative rolling time of 0,35 s for linear-elastic and plastic material properties Figs. 1a,b.
d) c) b) a) Fig. 1: The crack driving force calculated within four integration contours (with crack tip denotes as the 1st contour) using linear-elastic (a) and elastic-plastic (b) material properties.

Introduction Shape memory alloys (SMAs) reveal extraordinary properties including shape memory effect (SME) and superelasticity (SE) [1-4].
Due to their unique properties, SMAs are used in various industries ranging from bio-related applications to automotive and aerospace [5-9].
In another work, Huang and Liu demonstrated the effect of annealing temperature on the phase transformation temperatures and mechanical properties of NiTi [14].
Demonstrating the evolution of precipitates is an elegant approach to enlighten the correlation between heat treatment parameters and mechanical properties of NiTi shape memory alloys.
The potentiodynamic tests were utilized in order to investigate the corrosion properties of NiTi samples.

A huge quantity of this foundry sand is disposed in landfills causing severe environmental impacts, affecting the lives of the people who surround the landfills [7].
The experimental method was used to determine the materials characteristic and the technical properties of the interlocking concrete paving blocks [fig.1].
The characterization methods analyzed the physical and mechanical properties of the blocks.
Such property characterizations were essential to determine the behavior and the performance of these blocks following the Brazilian standard NBR 9781 [1].
The workability property in fresh state is limited due to the powdery material characteristic of the blocks.

Investigation of Microstructure and Physical Properties of Nickel Ferrites, Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method Shaima'a J.
The diameter of the pellets was 10 mm, while the thickness varied from 0.9 to 1.2 mm, according to requirements of the structural and physical properties.
Table 1 Show Physical Properties of NiFe2O4 at 1200 °C Porosity Density Shrinkage in diameter Shrinkage in thickness 50 % 3 g/cm3 5.3 % 7.1 % 5.
Preparation and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles via sol–gel auto-combustion method.
Preparation and magnetic properties of nano size nickel ferrite particles using hydrothermal method.

Citation & Copyright (to be inserted by the publisher) Structural and Magnetic Properties of Bottom-up Synthesized ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles J.
Magnetic and magneto-optical properties therefore arise and are investigated by static measurements performed on individual particles solutions.
However, such applications are dependent on the structural and magnetic properties of the nanocrystals that generally differ from those of bulk materials [2].
The fitting quality is controlled by Rp, Rwp that are reliability factors and χχχχ², the goodness of the fit.
Summary Stoichiometric zinc ferrite nanoparticles have been bottom up synthesized and exhibit very peculiar properties.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Introduction Friction stir welded joint (FSW) includes five different zones, shown in Fig. 1 (a) as: (1) nugget zone (NZ), (2) flow arm zone (FAZ), (3) thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), (4) heat affected zone (HAZ) and (5) parent plate zone (PZ).
Material property of FSW zones in 2024-T351 Al Alloy.
In fact the crack behavior is intensely affected by the variation of hardness and residual stress along the zones in addition to the microstructure.
On the other hand residual stress as a significant factor in crack behavior increased the growth rate from NZ to TMAZ where it fell from 200 MPa compression to 60 MPa compression.

The electrical equipment accident is the main problem of affecting electric system security, reliability, stability, economic operation.
However, when the insulating medium in the process of manufacturing, installation and long-term operation of the transformer, insulation properties deteriorated gradually, forming a partial discharge, adding insulation structure damage, causing power grid accident Analysis of Power Transformer Typical PD Type Transformer has a complex internal structure, and the electric field distribution is not uniform.
However, high-voltage switchgear insulation will gradually deteriorate by the environmental impact, human activity and other factors during the manufacture, installation and long run.
For oil circuit breakers, the most common failure is breaker affected with damp.
Insulator electrical performance mainly include insulator flashover characteristics, all kinds of electrical properties under the overvoltage, the filth flashover characteristics and oil-frequency breakdown characteristics.

And ultimately dimensional accuracy, appearance, mechanical property of parts are affected.
The temperature and pressure changed greatly in packing stage, and the density of fluid was affected.
At that time the melt flow rate is very small, which could not afford a leading role, while the packing pressure and packing time which play a role of crucial importance on the quality of final products are the major factors in the packing process.
Gate frozen time was the time to which the frozen layer factor was 1, that is, T2=17.5s.
Table 1 indicates that the defects affected the products quality was further reduced.

Thus, these pipelines are vulnerable to failure issues such as corrosion, erosion, third-party damage, natural factors, and others.
Pipeline failure that is caused by mechanical defects resulting from the pipe material's properties and design contributes significantly to 25% of failures, which is also considered a high percentage.
This suggests the need for additional research on the application of ANN in this field, particularly in relation to factors that significantly contribute to buried pipeline problems, such as third-party effects and mechanical issues.
The trade-off between these factors requires balance and optimization to prevent a negative impact on the outcome.
The challenge comes from complex interaction among factors that cause the failure, and the factors’ relationship is not always straightforward.

Introduction The use of piezoelectric ceramics in all kinds of smart devices has received considerable attention because of their especially piezoelectric and dielectric properties and their electromechanical, and electro-optical coupling performances.
However, electromechanical combined action is a main factor of fracture in piezoelectric ceramics.
The results show that fracture toughness is anisotropic and the direction of the applied electric field can significantly affect fracture behavior.
When combined electric-mechanical loads were applied, polarized samples were subjected to an electric field and a mechanical load.
Kamiya: Effects of dc Electric Field on Mechanical Properties of Piezoelectric Ceramics.